¤@³õ¤£¤½¥­ªºÄvª§¦¬µø²v¬O¾É­P¹qµø²£·~´c½èªº¸o»íº×­º!?

 ¤ý¨K®X

¬Fªv¤j¾Ç¼s¼½¹qµø¾Ç¨tºÓ¤h

 

¤¤¤åºK­n

    ¨S¦³¥ô¦ó¤@®a¹qµø¦¬µø²v½Õ¬d¤½¥q·|³æ¿W¬°¬Y¤@¯S©w¸`¥Ø¶i¦æ½Õ¬d¡A´«¨¥¤§¡A¦¬µø²v«ü¼Ð¬O¤@¯ë©Êªº°Ñ¦Ò¥Î³~¡A¦pªG­n°w¹ï¨C¤@¯S©w±Ú¸s(¦~ÄÖ¡B°Ï°ì¡B¨Ï¥Î»y¨¥¡Kµ¥Åܶµ)¶i¦æ¤ÀªR¡A´N­n·í¤ß©ÒÀò±oªºµ²ªG¬O¤£¬O¸¨©ó¼Ð·Ç»~®t¤¤¡A²{¤µ¹qµø²£·~¡A¸gÀçªÌ³£¦b¨V¨VÀçÀç©ó1%ªº¦¬µø²v¡A¦ý¬O¥ô¦ó¤ÀªR¡A¥u­n¹L«×©µ¦ù±À½×¡A¤£¶È¥¢¤Fºë·Ç¡A¤]¥¢¤F¤½«H¤O¡C

¦¬µø²v¡AÃö¥G¥þ¥xÆW¹qµø²£·~¸gÀç»P¼s§i¥«³õªº½Õ¬d¡A©Ò©Ó¨üªºÃöª`²´¯«Á`¬O¦h¤@¨Ç¡A¦]¬°¥¦¬O¤@­Ó«ü¼Ð¡Aµû§Pªº¼Ð·Ç¡C¥H03¦~1¤ë1¤é12¤ë31¤é±ß¶¡¤»ÂI¦Ü¤Q¤@ÂI(¶Àª÷®É¬q)¬°¨Ò¡A¦³ªñ¥|¤À¤§¤Tªº¹qµøÀW¹D¬O¤£¤Î©Ò¿×ªº1%¡A¹qµø¥x¬°¤F¤ÀªR¥X·Q­nªº¼Æ¾Ú¡A¤£Â_¦a¡u¤Á¡vÅܶµ¶¡²Ó¶µ¨Ó¤ÀªR¡C

¥»¤å±q¹qµø¸`¥Ø¹B¥Î¦¬µø²v³o­Ó¨¤«×¥Xµo¡A¨Ó¶i¦æ°Q½×¡C¦¬µø²v¬O¤°»ò¡H¨ä©Ò¥Nªíªº·N¸q¡H¡u¦¬µø²v¡v³o­ÓÅý¹qµø²£·~¤S·R¤S«ëªº¼Æ¾Ú¡A¦bÄvª§¿E¯Pªº°Ó·~¹qµø¥x¹B§@¤¤¡A¨s³º¦³¨S¦³°Ñ¦Ò»ù­È¡H¥¦¯uªº¦p¹qµø¥x°ª¶¥¸g²z¤H©Ò»¡¬O¸`¥Ø´c½è¤Æªº¤¸¥û¡H

 

ÃöÁä¦r¡G¦¬µø²v¡B©â¼Ë¡B«H«×¡B¹qµø²£·~¡B¹qµø¸`¥Ø

 

³ü¡B¬ã¨s½t°_

¡§¥¼¨ÓAC¥§º¸´Ë¨C¤Ñªº«e80¦W¸`¥Ø¦¬µø²v½Õ¬d¡AµL½u¹qµø¥x±N¤£¦A°Ñ»P±Æ¦W¡C¡KAC¥§º¸´Ëªº¹qµø¦¬µø²v½Õ¬d¡A¨ü¨ì³Ì¦h½èºÃªº³¡¤À¡A´N¬O¨C¤Ñ«e80¦Wªº¹qµø¸`¥Ø±Æ¦æ...AC¥§º¸´Ë±N«¬ºA¤£¤@¡B®É¬q¤£¦P¡B¶D¨D¦U²§ªº¸`¥Ø©ñ¦b¤@°_±Æ¦W¡A©Ò°µ¦¨ªº¦¬µø²v³ø§i¡AÄY­«ªº§á¦±¤F»OÆW¹qµø¥ÍºAªºµo®i¡A¤¤µø¸³¨Æªø¾G²Q±Ó§ó´¿ÁʶR³ø¯È¼s§iª©­±¡Aª½¥¸AC¥§º¸´Ëªº³o­Ó³ø§i¡AÅý»OÆWªº´CÅé¤H³£Åܦ¨¤F¡u³J¥Õ½è¡v¡]²Â³J¡B¥Õè¡B¯«¸g½è¡^¡C¡K¡¨(Ithome´CÅé¹q¤l³ø2001.8.7)

2001¦~8¤ë¡A¤¤µø¾G¸³ÁʶR¤j½g´T¼s§i¡A§åµû¥xÆW¦¬µø²v½Õ¬d§@·~ªº²ÊÁW¤âªk¬°¤@¾É¤õ½u¡Aº¸«á¡A³°³°ÄòÄò¦³³\¦h¼s§i¤½¥q¡B´CÅéÁʶR°Óµ¥...¬ÛÃö´CÅé·~¤u§@ªÌ¡A¤]¦P®É´£¥X¤F¤£¥­¤§»ï¡C

±N®É¶¡©¹«e©µ¦ù¨Ó¬Ý¡A´N¹qµø¥x¥ß³õ¦Ó¨¥¡A¬F©²¦Û90¦~¥N¥H¨Ó¡A´N¦a¦Xªk¡u²Ä¥|¥x¡v·~ªÌ¶}©ñ¦³½u¹qµø¸gÀç¡A¾ãÅé¹qµø¥ÍºAµ²ºc­±Á{«æÁØÂàÅÜ¡G¦³½u¹qµøªº¿³°_¡A«P¨Ï¥H©¹¤T¥x¿WÅQªº§½­±±Y½L¡A½Ã¬P¹qµøÀW¹D³vº¥¦¨¼ô¥BÂX±i¦¨¬°ÀW¹D±Ú¸s¦¡ªº¸gÀç³W¼Ò¡A¦A¥[¤W¥Áµø¡B¤½µøªº¬ÛÄ~¶}¼½¡A¥xÆW¦a°Ï¦hÀW¹D´CÅéÅkµM¤w§Î¦¨¡A­nª§¡u²Ä¤@¦W¡v¡A¹ê¤ñ¥H«e§xÃø³\¦h¡A¦U¹qµø¥x¸`¥Ø¬°¤Fª§¹Ü¡u²Ä¤@¦W¡vªºÄ_®y¡AµL¤£¥f¨¬¥þ¤O¡AÁȨú¾\Å¥¤H¡u²´²y¡v¡A¦ý¡A¥i±¤¦¨®Ä¤£¹ü¡C

·|¤Þ°_³o»ò¼Ë¤j°Ê§@ªº§Üij¡A»¡¬ï¤F¡A´N¬O¦¬µø²v¬O¼vÅT¡]°Ó·~¡^¹qµø¥xÀç¹Bªº­«­n©R¯ß¡A¡]°Ó·~¡^¹qµø¥x¬O¹B§@¦b¨â­Ó¥«³õ¾÷¨î¤¤¡G²Ä¤@­Ó¥«³õ¡u´CÅé²£«~¥«³õ¡v¡A©Ò´£¨Ñªº²£«~´N¬O¸`¥Øªº¤º®e¡A¾\Å¥¤H´N¬O©Ò¿×ªº®ø¶OªÌ¡Aªá¶O®É¶¡©Î¬Oª÷¿ú¨Ó¥æ´«´CÅé²£«~¡]¸`¥Ø¡^¡F²Ä¤G­Ó¥«³õ¡u¼s§i¥«³õ¡v¡A´CÅé´£¨Ñ¸`¥Øªº¦P®É¡A¨ä¹ê¦P®É´£¨Ñ¤F¼s§i®É¶¡¡]Time¡^©Î¬Oª©­±¡]Space¡^¬ï´¡¨ä¤¤¡AÂÇ¥H´£¨Ñ¾\Å¥²³Æ[¬Ý¸`¥Øªº®É¶¡µ¹¼s§i¥D¨Ó¼½©ñ¼s§i¡A¶i¤@¨B¤Þ°_¾\Å¥²³¹ï¼s§i²£«~ªºª`·N¡C

¦³½ìªº¬O¡GÁöµM¦³¹qµø¥x§Üij¥H¹L©ó²²¤ªº¤è¦¡¨Ó¬°¹qµø¥x¸`¥Ø±Æ¦W¡A¦ý¡A«o¤]¦³¹qµø¥x«ù¤£¦Pªº·N¨£¡G

 ¡§¨ú®ø«e 80¸`¥Ø¦¬µø²v±Æ¦W¡A¥Áµø¨Ã¥¼»PAC¥§º¸´Ëñ¬ù½T»{¡K¡A³\©À¥xªí¥Ü¡A¡u¦³½u¥[µL½u/¨C¤é«e80±Æ¦W¡v¨ä¹ê¬O¹qµø¥x°ª¼h¦b¦£¸LÁc­«ªº¤u§@¤¤¡A³Ì©ú½T²«Kªº§PÂ_¼Ð·Ç¡A§Y¨ÏAC¥§º¸´Ë¤£µ¹¡u¦³½u¥[µL½u/¨C¤é«e80±Æ¦W¡v¡A¹qµø¥x¤º³¡¤@©w¤]·|¦Û¦æ±Æ¦Wªº¡C¡K¡¨(Ithome´CÅé¹q¤l³ø2001.8.8)

¥H¼s§i¤½¥q¡B´CÅéÁʶRµ¥±q¨Æ´CÅé­pµe¡]Media Plan¡^©Î¬O´CÅéÁʶR¡]Media Buyer¡^µ¥¥ß³õ¨Ó¬Ý¡A¦ÛµM¤]¤£·|¦n¹L¡A¦p¦ó¬°¼s§i¥Dªá¶O³Ì¤Öªº¦¨¥»Àò¨ú³Ì¤jªº´CÅé®Ä¯q¡Aª§¨ú¨ì¾\Å¥²³ªº¥Ø¥ú¡A¬O¥L­Ìªº³d¥ô¡A¥i°¾°¾¦b2001¦~¤§«e¡A¶ÈAC Nielsen¥xÆW¤À¤½¥q±q¨Æ¥xÆW¹qµø¦¬µø²v¬ÛÃö½Õ¬d¤u§@¡AÃö©ó¹qµø¦¬µø²v½Õ¬d¡A³o´X¦~¤@ª½¦³«Ü¤jªºª§Ä³¡A¥]¬A½Õ¬dªº¼Ë¥»¡B¥«½Õ¤H­û¬O§_±M·~...³£¹¡¨ü¥~¬É½èºÃ¡A»{¬°¦¬µø²v½Õ¬d¬O¾É­P¥xÆW¸`¥Ø¤º®e¨«¦Vº´¦â¸{ªº¥D­n­ì¦]¡A°£¤F»{¬°¥Ø«e¦¬µø²v½Õ¬d¤£°÷¤½¥¿¡B«ÈÆ[¥~¡A¤]»{¬°¥«³õ¤W¥u¦³AC Nielsen¤@®a¦¬µø²v½Õ¬d¤½¥q¿WÅQ¥«³õ¡A®Ú¥»µLªk½T¹ê¤ÏÀ³¹qµø¦¬µø²v¡A©Ò¥H2001¦~¡A¡u¼s¹q¤H¡v¥«³õ½Õ¬d¤½¥q¦¨¥ß¡A«Å§G¥[¤J°ê¤ºªº¹qµø¦¬µø²v¬ÛÃö¬ã¨sªº¦æ¦C¡A¨äªÑªFµ²ºc°£¤F¼s¹q°òª÷¥~¡AÁÙ¥]¬A¥xµø¡B¤¤µø¡BµØµø¡B¥Áµø¤ÎTVBSµ¥¤­®a¹qµø¥x¡C¼s¼½¦³¤¤¼s¡B¥¿Án¡B¤j¤d¤Î«Ø°êµ¥¥|®a¡C¨ä¥LªºªÑªF¦³®a¼w¬ì§Þ¤½¥q¡B¤¤µØ¼x«H©Ò¡B¼í§Q¤½¥q¡B¥­¸Û¤½¥q¡A¤é¥»ªºVideo Research¤½¥q¡]²ºÙVR¤½¥q¡^¡C¨ä¤¤¡A¼s¹q°òª÷»P¤é¥»ªºVR¤½¥q¦U«ù¦³¦Ê¤À¤§¤G¤QªºªÑ¥÷¡C

¼s¹q¤H¤½¥qªº¸³¨Æªø¿àªF©ú«ü¥X¡A¨Ì¾Ú¤½¥­¥æ©öªkªººë¯«¡A²£«~¥Í²£¤½¥q¦³¸q°È±N²£«~ªº¤º®e¡B¥\¯à¡B¦¨¤À²M·¡§iª¾®ø¶OªÌ¡C¥Ñ¦¹¡A¹qµø¤½¥q¥X¿ú½Õ¬d¦¬µø²v¬O¥²­n¥B¦X²zªº¡A¦Û»{¥i¥H°µ¨ì§óºë·Çªº½Õ¬d¡A»{¬°¡u¦³Ävª§¤~·|¦³¶i¨B¡v¡C  ¥h¦~¦~©³¡A«e·s»D§½ªø«À¤å´¼¦bºM·Ó­·ªi§i¤@¬q¸¨«á«ü¥X¡G

¡§¡u·í«e¹qµø¸`¥Ø¦¬µø²v½Õ¬d¾÷¨î¥²¶·½Õ¾ã¡A¥u¦³¥§º¸´Ë¤@®aªº¼Æ¾Ú¨Ã¤£¦X²z¡AÀ³¸Ó¦³¨ä¥Lªº¦¬µø²v½Õ¬d¾÷ºc¡A·s»D§½¤w©M¨t²Î·~ªÌ¹F¦¨¦@ÃÑ¡AÂù¤è¦@¦P¥X¸ê¡A½Ð±M·~¤½¥¿¤H¤h²Õ¦¨¦¬µø²v½Õ¬d¾÷ºc¡C¦¹¥~¡A¦¬µø²vµ²ªG¤£À³¸Ó¨C¤ÀÄÁ¨C¤@¬í¤½¥¬¡C¡v¡¨(Áp¦X±ß³ø2005.08.12)

¤£½×¹qµø¥x¡B´CÅéÁʶR...µ¥¥ß³õ¡A¤£¥i§_»{ªº¡A¦b³o¨Ç¦¬µø²vªºª§½×¸Ì¡A¡u¥¿½T©Ê¡v¡AÀ³¸Ó¬O­â¾r©ó©Ò¦³¯Éª§¤§¤W¡A»P¨ä¤@¤Ñ¨ì±ß¬°·Ç¤£·Ç½T³o­Ó°ÝÃD»ø«ù¤£¤U¡F¸Õ·Q¡A±q¨ÆªÀ·|½Õ¬d¤u§@¡A­Y¬O¥¢¥h·Ç½T«×»P¥¿½T©Ê¡A«h¤@¤Á³£¬OªÅ½Í¡A«e80¸`¥Ø±Æ¦W¬O§_¨ú®ø¡A¤£¬O°ÝÃDªºÄpµ²ÂI¡A½Õ¬dµ²ªGªº¡u«H«×¡v¡]Reliability¡^¡B¡u®Ä«×¡v¡]Validity¡^¥H¤Î¦p¦ó¸ÑŪ¦¬µø²v¤~¬O°ÝÃDªº®Ú¥»¡C

¡§¼s§i¤£¤WªùµL½u¤­¥x¶æÁn¥§º¸´Ë¡A±±¶D¦¬µø²v½Õ¬d¤£¤½¡A»~¾É¼s§i°Ó§ë¸ê¡A­n¨D±N¬ð¯}¦Ê¸U¦¬µø¤áªºµL½u¼Æ¦ì¹qµø¦¬µø²v¯Ç¤J¡¨ (Áp¦X±ß³ø2006.04.13)

¤»¦~«e¡A·í¤¤µø¸³¨Æªø¾G²Q±Óª½¥¸¦¬µø²v½Õ¬d¡AÅý»OÆWªº´CÅé¤H³£Åܦ¨¤F¡u³J¥Õ½è¡v¡]²Â³J¡B¥Õè¡B¯«¸g½è¡^¡A¦³¥t¥~±q·~¤H­û«o´£¥X¤£¦Pªº¬Ýªk¡G¦¬µø±Æ¦W¬O¹qµø¥x°ª¼h¦b¦£¸LÁc­«ªº¤u§@¤¤¡A³Ì©ú½T²«Kªº§PÂ_¼Ð·Ç¡A¤»¦~«áªº¤µ¤Ñ¡AµL½u¤­¥x¦PÁn¤@®ð¡A¤wªñ¥G¬DÆ]¤è¦¡¦V½Õ¬d³æ¦ìªí¹F¤£º¡¡A°ß¤@®t²§¤§³B¡A´N¬O­n¨D¯Ç¤J¼Æ¦ì¹qµøªº¦¬µø¤á¡C

¦¬µø²v¡AÃö¥G¥þ¥xÆW´CÅé¸gÀç»P¼s§i¥«³õªº½Õ¬d¡A©Ò©Ó¨üªºÃöª`²´¯«Á`¬O¦h¤@¨Ç¡A¦]¬°¥¦¬O¤@­Ó«ü¼Ð¡Aµû§Pªº¼Ð·Ç¡C¥»¤å±q¹qµø¸`¥Ø¹B¥Î¦¬µø²v³o­Ó¨¤«×¥Xµo¡A¨Ó¶i¦æ°Q½×¡C¦¬µø²v¬O¤°»ò¡H¨ä©Ò¥Nªíªº·N¸q¡H¨s³º¦³¨S¦³¥Î¡H¡u¦¬µø²v¡v³o­ÓÅý¸`¥Ø³W¹ºªÌ¤S·R¤S«ëªº¼Æ¾Ú¡A¦bÄvª§¿E¯Pªº°Ó·~¹qµø¥x¹B§@¤¤¡A¨s³º¦³¨S¦³°Ñ¦Ò»ù­È¡H


¶L¡BÂù¤¸¥«³õ¹B§@¤Uªº¹qµø²£·~

¤@¡BÂù¤¸²£«~¹B§@¤Uªº´CÅ饫³õ

¸gÀپǪº¬ã¨s©v¦®¡A¦b©ó°Q½×¦p¦ó¡u¤À°t¡v¡A¤~¯àº¡¨¬©¼¦¹¶¡¬Û¤¬Ävª§¦Ó¤]µL¤î¹Òªº»Ý¨D¡]Needs¡^»P±ý¨D¡]Wants¡^¡C¦p¦ó¹B¥Î¦UºØ¸ê·½»P²£«~ªº¥Í²£»P®ø¶O¡A¥Hº¡¨¬¦UºØ»Ý¨D»P±ý¨Dªº¿ï¾Ü¤è®×¡C

¥H¸gÀپǪºÆ[ÂI¨Ó¬Ý´CÅé²Õ´ªº¹B§@¡A¥Øªº´N¬Oº¡¨¬¨p¤H»P¤½¦@ªº»Ý¨D»P±ý¨D¡A¤j­P»¡¨Ó¡A´CÅ麡¨¬¤F¥|¤j¹ÎÅ骺»Ý¨D»P±ý¨D¡]Picard¡A1989¡^¡G¦UºØ´CÅé¾Ö¦³ªÌ¡G¨ä¨­¤À¬O¾Ö¦³´CÅé²£«~¤§­Ó¤H©ÎªÑ²¼«ù¦³ªÌ¡B¾\Å¥¤H¡GÆ[¬Ý¡B¦¬Å¥©Î¬O¾\Ū´CÅ餺®eªº¤H¡B¼s§i°Ó¡GÁʶR½g´T©Î®É¶¡¡A¥H¨D±N°T®§¶Ç¹Fµ¹¾\Å¥¤H¡B´CÅé±q·~¤H­û¡G´À´CÅé¶Ç¼½¤½¥q¤u§@ªº¤H¡C´CÅé²£·~»P¨ä¥L²£·~³Ì¤jªº®t²§¤§³B¦b©ó´CÅé¹B§@¦b¤@­Ó¡uÂù¤¸²£«~¥«³õ¡v¡]dual product market¡^¤¤¡A¤]´N¬O¤@­Ó²£«~¡A¹B§@¦b¨â­Ó©Ê½è¬Û²§ªºªº°]³f»P³Ò°Èªº¥«³õ¹B§@¤§¤¤¡C

    Picard¡]1989¡^´£¥X¡uÂù¤¸²£«~¥«³õ¡v¡]Dual Product Market¡^·§©À¡A«ü¥X´CÅé²£·~¬O¹B§@¦b¨â­Ó¥«³õ¾÷¨î¤¤¡A²Ä¤@­Ó¥«³õ¡u´CÅé²£«~¥«³õ¡v¡A©Ò´£¨Ñªº²£«~´N¬O¸`¥Øªº¤º®e¡A¦¬µø¤j²³´N¬O©Ò¿×ªº®ø¶OªÌ¡Aªá¶O®É¶¡©Î¬Oª÷¿ú¨Ó¥æ´«´CÅé²£«~¡C²Ä¤G­Ó¥«³õ¡u¼s§i¥«³õ¡v¡A´CÅé´£¨Ñ¸`¥Øªº¦P®É¡A¦P®É´£¨Ñ¤F¼s§i®É¶¡¡]Time¡^©Î¬Oª©­±¡]Space¡^¬ï´¡¨ä¤¤¡A©Ò¥H´CÅé´£¨Ñ¦¬µø¤j²³Æ[¬Ý¸`¥Øªº®É¶¡µ¹¼s§i¥D¡C

¹p­Å¡]2001¡^»{¬°¦b¤À²³¤Æªº¤µ¤é¡A´CÅé²£·~ªº¸gÀçÀ³¥ý²M·¡¥ø·~¥»¨­©w¦ì¡A¦P®É°w¹ï®t²§¤Æªº¾\Å¥¤j²³¡AÀÀ©w¤£¦P¸`¥Øµ¦²¤¡A¦³­p¹ºªº°w¹ï¯S©w¥Ø¼Ð¹ï¶H´£¨ÑªA°È(¸`¥Ø)¡C¦ýºû«ù¾\Å¥¤j²³¡B¼s§i¥D»P´CÅé²£·~¤§¶¡ªºÃö«Y¤´¬O¥H¦¬µø²v¬°­«­nªºÃöÁä¦]¯À¤§¤@¡C

¡@

¡@

¡@

¤G¡B¹qµø¦¬µø²vªº©w¸q

    ¦¬µø²v¡]Ratings¡^¦b¡m­^º~¤j²³¶Ç¼½Ãã¨å¡n³QºÙ¬°µøÅ¥²v¡F«ü¾ð¥ß¹qµø¸`¥Øªº¬y¦æµ{«×¤§¥ô¦ó¼Æ¦r¡A©ÎªÌ¬O¸`¥Ø©Ò¼½¬M¼s§i±o¨ìªº¼ÉÅS¡A³q±`¥Ñ½Õ¬d¤½¥q¤©¥H´ú©w¡A¥Î¨Ó¥Nªí¯à°÷¦¬¨ì¬Y­Ó¸`¥Ø¡A¦Ó¤S¹ê»Ú¦¬µø¸Ó¸`¥Øªº®a®x¤§¦Ê¤À¤ñ¡]§dÄ_µØ¡B®}¨Î¤h¡B§õ¤µ¥¡A1983¡AÂà¤Þ¦Û¶Àß»«Â¡A1999¡^¡C

¾ÇªÌ³¯¥@±Ó¡B¿à°ê¬wµ¥¤H¡]1986¡^¤ñ¸û¤ÀªR¥xÆW¦a°Ï¼s§i¥D¡B¼s§i¤½¥q¡B¶Ç¼½¤½¥q¡B¹qµø¤½¥q¨Mµ¦¤H­û¹ï¹qµø¦¬µø²vªº»{ª¾¡A°ê¤º¹ï©ó¦¬µø²vªº¬É©w¬°¡G¦b¯S©w®É¬q¤º¡AÆ[¬Ý¬Y¥x¸`¥Ø¦û¹qµø¤H¤f¦Ê¤À¤ñ¡C

¡m´CÅé»P¶Ç¼½Ãã¨å¡n¡]Webster¡¦s New World Dictionary of Media and Communication¡^ªº¬É©w¡]Weiner¡A1990¡^¡A¦¬µø²v¦³¨âºØ·N¸q¡G¡]¤@¡^¦¬µø²v¥Nªí´ú¶qªº¦ì¸m¡F¤@ºØµû¦ô¡F¤@ºØ¤ÀÃþ¡F¡]¤G¡^¦¬µø²v¤Ï¬M¤@­Ó¸`¥Øªº¤H¤f¼Æ¡C

¡m¤j²³´CÅéÃã¨å¡n¡]National Textbook Company¡¦s Mass Media Dictionary¡^±N¦¬µø²v¸ÑÄÀ¬°(Ellmore¡A1990)¡G¤@ºØ¥H¦Ê¤À¤ñÃö«Yªí¹Fªº¾\Å¥¤H¼Æ­È¡F©Ò¦³¾Ö¦³¹qµøªº®a®x¥Î¤á©Î¦¨­û¦b¯S©w®É¶¡¡B®É¬q¡B©Î¸`¥Ø¼½¥X®É¶¡Âà¦V¤@¯S©wÀW¹D©Î¸`¥ØªA°Èªº¤ñ¨Ò¡F¦¬µø²v¥]²[®a®x¨Ï¥Î¹qµøªº¤ñ¨Ò¡B­Ó¤H¨Ï¥Î¹qµøªº¤ñ¨Ò¡B§Y®É¦¬µøªº¤ñ¨Ò¡B¥þ°êªº¤ñ¨Ò¡B¤Wºôªº¤ñ¨Ò¡B¦¬¬Ý¯S©w¸`¥Øªº¤ñ¨Ò¡B¶}¾÷²v¡C

¤W­zÃö©ó¦¬µø²v·N²[ªº±´°Q¡A¤£Ãøµo²{Ãö©ó¦¬µø²v¡AÃø¦³¤@²M·¡¦Ó²³æªº©w¸q¡A¨Ó²[»\©Ò¦³·N²[¡A¦]¬°¡A½Õ¬dªº¼Æ¾Ú·|ÀH´ú¶q¥Ø¼Ð¡B¹ï¶H¡B®É¶¡¡A¥H¤Î´ú¶q¥Î³~ªº¤£¦P¦Ó²£¥Í¤£¦Pªº¼Æ¦r¡C

¤T¡B¸`¥Ø³W¹ºµ¦²¤»P¹qµø¦¬µø²v

¹ï¹qµø¸`¥Ø³W¹ºªÌ¦Ó¨¥¡A¸`¥ØÃþ«¬ªº¦h¼Ë©Ê¤S·N¨ýµÛ¾ãÅé¸`¥Ø¥«³õªºÄvª§ºA¶Õ¡A¾ÇªÌLitman ¡]1979¡^À˵ø¬ü°ê¤T¤jµL½u¹qµø¥xªº¸`¥ØÃþ«¬¦h¼Ëªí²{µo²{¡A¸`¥ØÃþ«¬¦h¼Ë¤Æ»P¦¬µø²v¤§¶¡¦³©úÅãÃö³s¡A¥ç±N´£°ª¹qµø¥xªº¥«³õÄvª§¤O¡C¦b³o¼ËªºÀô¹Ò¤U¡A¾ÇªÌ»{¬°±q¾\Å¥²³ªº¹ï¸`¥ØÃþ«¬ªº°¾¦n¨Ó¹w´ú¨ä¦¬µø·NÄ@¡A¯à°÷À°§U¸`¥Ø³W¹ºªÌ³]­p²Å¦X¤À²³°¾¦nªº¸`¥Ø¤º®e¡C

¹ï¹qµø¸`¥Ø³W¹ºªÌ¡]Programmer¡^¦Ó¨¥¡A¡u¦¬µø²v¡v¬ã¨s§êºtµÛÁ|¨¬»´­«ªº¨¤¦â¡A¨ä²z¦³¤T¡]Webster & Lichty¡A1991¡^¡G¡]¤@¡^¸`¥Ø±ÄÁʤ§¨Ì¾Ú¡F¡]¤G¡^±q¦¬µøÁͦV¤¤µo®i·s¸`¥Ø¡A´x´¤»P§l¤ÞÆ[²³¸`¥Ø¦¬µø ¡F¡]¤T¡^¸`¥Ø½s±Æµ¦²¤¤§¿ï¾Ü¡C

´«¨¥¤§¡AµL½×¬O±q¹qµø¥xªº¥«³õÄvª§¡B¸`¥Ø«P¾P¡A¤D¦Ü§Î¶ìÀW¹D¡]®É¬q¡^¯S¦â©Î§Î¶H¡A¸`¥Ø³W¹ºªÌ»Ý­n¨Ì¾Ú¹qµø¡u¦¬µø²v¡v¬ã¨s¡A¶i¦æ¿¦±Kªº¨Mµ¦§PÂ_¡C°w¹ï¡u¦¬µø²v¡v¬ã¨s¹ï¸`¥Ø½s±Æ¤§·N¸q¸ÑŪ¡A¤j­P¦³¤­¶µ¡G¡]¤@¡^¬O§_¤w¹F¦¨§l¤Þ¥Ø¼ÐÆ[²³¦¬µø¤§¥Øªº¡F¡]¤G¡^Æ[²³ªº¥Ø©¾¸Û«×¦p¦ó¡F¡]¤T¡^Æ[²³¦¬µø¦UºØ¸`¥ØÃþ«¬©ÎÀW¹Dªº±¡§Î¦p¦ó¡F¡]¥|¡^¸`¥Ø½s±Æ¦p¦ó§l¤ÞÆ[²³¦¬µø¡F¡]¤­¡^¸`¥Ø¦¨¥»»P¦¬µø¤H¤f¤§®Ä¯qµû¦ô

¹ï©ó³o¼Ëªºµo®i¡A°Ó·~ªº¹qµø´CÅé·íµM¤]¶}©l­«µø¡A¬°¤F¨D¨ú¸gÀç³Ì¤jªº§Q¼í¡A±N¦¬µø¦æ¬°ªºµ²ªGµø¬°¶R½æ¼s§i®É¬qªº­«­n¨Ì¾Ú¡]½²©À¤¤¡A1997¡^¡C¬°¤Fª§¨ú¼s§i¥D§ó¦h§ë¸ê¡A¦¬µø²vº¥º¥¦¨¬°°Ó·~¹qµø¥x¬Û·í­«µøªº¸ê®Æ¡A¤£¦ý¨Ì¾Ú¬ã¨sµ²ªG¨î©wÃöÁä©Ê¨Mµ¦¡A¨Ã¦b¸`¥Ø»s§@»P½s±Æµ¦²¤¤W¬Ò¬O®Ú¾Ú¦¬µøÆ[²³ªº¿³½ì»P±ý±æ¦Ó³]­p¡A°w¹ïÆ[²³°¾¦nªº·N¸q¡C¤@¯ë¦Ó¨¥¡A¡u¦¬µø²v¡v¬ã¨s¥¿¬O³Ì°ò¦¡A¤]¬O³Ì¥D¬yªº¬ã¨s¸ê®Æ¡]Stavitsky¡A1998¡^¡C

¦¬µø²v´£¨Ñ¼s§i¥DÁʶR¸`¥Ø¿ï¾Ü¡A¦P®É¤]«Øºc¥X¼s¹q´CÅ骺¸gÀÙ°ò¦¡C±q¬ÛÃö¬ã¨s¤¤¡A¤£¦ý¥i¹ê»Ú´x´¤©Î­pºâ¥X¸`¥Ø¡]Ãþ«¬¡^»PÆ[²³¦¬µø¤§Ãö«Y¡A¦P®É¹ï¸`¥Ø½s±Æµ¦²¤¤§¿ï¾Ü¡A¤]¨ã³Æ¬YºØ«ü¤Þ©Êªº§@¥Î¡C

¦ý¬O¡A¤@¥÷¦nªº¦¬µø¤ÀªR³ø§i¡A¥²¶·¨ã¦³«H«×¡]Reliability¡^¡A¥¢¥h¤F«H«×ªº³ø§i¡A®³¨Ó°µ¥ô¦óªº¸`¥Øµ¦²¤¤ÀªR³£¬O¥Õ¶O¤O®ð¡B®{³ÒµL¥\ªº¡A¹L«×¸àÄÀ¼Æ¦rªºµ²ªG¡A¤]·|¥¢¥h¤ÀªRªº¥»½è¡C


°Ñ¡BÄvª§²§±`¿E¯P/°ª«×¶°¤¤ªº¥xÆW¹qµø¥ÍºA??

¤@¡B¥xÆW¾\Å¥²³¦¬µø²{ªp

    ¹Ï¤@¬°2003¦~1¤ë1¤é¦Ü2003¦~12¤ë31¤é¡A¥xÆW¾\Å¥²³¥­§¡¦¬µø²v¡A¦p¹Ï©Ò¥Ü¥iª¾¡A¾\Å¥²³¬Ý¹qµøªº®É¶¡¸¨©ó¨â­Ó°ª®p¡G¤¤¤È¤Q¤GÂI¦Ü¤U¤È¤@ÂI¥H¤Î±ß¶¡¤»ÂI¦Ü±ß¶¡¤Q¤@ÂI¡A¦Ó³o¨â­Ó®É¬q¤§¤¤¡A¶È±ß¶¡®É¬q¦¬µø²v¬O°ª©ó20%¡A¨ä¾l®É¬q¶}¾÷²v§¡¤£¨ì¨â¦¨¡A¦Ó±ß¶¡¤CÂI¦Ü¤QÂI¬O¥þ¤é¦¬µø°ª®p(26.49%-29.16%)¡C

¸ê®Æ¨Ó·½¡G¥§º¸´Ë¦æ¾P¬ã¨sÅU°ÝªÑ¥÷¦³­­¤½¥q

 

    °£¤F©Ò¿×±ß¶¡®É¬q¶}¾÷²v¬O¶W¹L¤G¦¨¤­¤§¥~¡A¤@¤Ñ¤G¤Q¥|¤p®É¤§¤¤¡A¤j¦h¼Æªº®É¶¡¡A¶}¾÷²v³£§C©ó¤@¦¨¡A¦Ó³o¤@¦¨ªº¶}¾÷²v­n¥­§¡¤Àµ¹100¦h­ÓÀW¹D¡A´Nºâ¤½¥­µÛ¤À°t¡A¨º»ò¥­§¡¤@­ÓÀW¹D©ÒÀò±oªº¦¬µø²v¦³¦h¤Ö¡A¹ê¦b¥O¤H½èºÃ¡C

´Nºâ¥H±ß¶¡®É¬q¤T¦¨ªº¶}¾÷²v¨Ó¬Ý¡A¥­§¡¦¬µø²v°ª©ó1%ªº¹qµø¥x¤]¶È¦³¤­¥x(µL½u¥|¥x¥[¦³½u¤@¥x¡C¨ä¾l¹qµø¥x¨C¤Q¤­¤ÀÄÁ§¡¦¬µø²v§¡¤£¨ì1%¡A§ó¬Æ¦Ü¦³¹qµø¥x¬O©êÀn³J¦b¸gÀçµÛ¡C

¤G¡B¥xÆW¹qµø¥«³õªºµ²ºc

¥H²£·~¸gÀپǪºS-C-P ¼Ò¦¡¡u¥«³õµ²ºc¨M©w¼t°Ó¦æ¬°¡A¦P®É¥ç¨M©w¤F²£·~ÁZ®Ä¡v·§©À©Ò©µ¦ù¡A²z·QÄvª§¼Ò«¬¡A«Ø¥ß¦b§¹¥þÄvª§(Perfect Competition)¥«³õ¤¤¡A¦¹¤@¥«³õ¸Ì­±»Ý¦P®É¨ã³Æ(¤@)¶R½æÂù¤è¦P®É¦Û¥Ñ¶i¥X(Free Entry and Exit)¡B(¤G)©Ò¦³ªº¼t°Ó¥Í²£¦P½è²£«~(Homogeneity)¡B(¤T)¶R½æÂù¤è¬Ò¦³¥R¤Àªº¥«³õ°T®§(Perfect Information)¥H¤Î(¥|)²£«~ÄÝ©ó¨p¤H°](Privates Goods)¥|¤j¯S©Ê¡C

¥t¤@ºØ·¥ºÝ«h¬O¿W¥e¥«³õ(Monopoly)¡A¼t°Ó¥u¦¹¤@®a¡A¬O»ù®æ¨M©wªÌ(Price Maker)¡A®ø¶OªÌµL±q¿ï¾Ü§O®a²£«~¡C²{¹êªÀ·|¤¤¡Aµ´¤j³¡¥÷ªº¥«³õ¤¶©ó«e­z¨âªÌ¤§¶¡¡G¥«³õ¤º¤£¥u¤@®a¼t°Ó¡A²£«~©¼¦¹¦U²§(´À¥N©Ê©Î±j©Î®z)¡A»ù®æ¤]¤¬¦³°ª§C¡AÅã¥Ü¼t°Ó¹ï©ó»ù®æ¦³¬YºØµ{«×ªº±±¨î¯à¤O¡C³oºØ¬J«D¿W¥e¤S«D§¹¥þÄvª§ªº¥«³õ¡A²ÎºÙ¬°¡u¤£§¹¥þÄvª§¥«³õ(Imperfect Competition Markets)¡v¡C¤£§¹¥þÄvª§¥«³õ¤S¥i°Ï¤À¥X¨âºØ«¬ºA¡G¿W¥e©ÊÄvª§¥«³õ(Monopolistic Competition)©M¹è¥e¥«³õ(Oligopoly)¡C 

 

 ¹Ï¤G ¥«³õµ²ºc

 

Picard(¶¾«Ø¤TĶ¡A1994:56-57)¡A±N¥«³õµ²ºc¤À¬°¥|Ãþ¡G§¹¥þÄvª§(Perfect competition)¡BÃbÂ_©ÊÄvª§(Monopolistic Competition)¡B¹è¥e(Oligopoly)¥H¤Î¿W¥e(Monopoly) (¶¾«Ø¤TĶ¡A1994:56-57)¡C¨ä¤¤¼t°Óªº¼Æ¶q¬O¨M©w¥«³õ«¬ºAªº«ü¼Ð¤§¤@¡G¼t°Ó¦h¡AÄvª§±j¡F¼t°Ó¤Ö¡A¥«³õÁÍ©óÃbÂ_¡C¦U¥«³õ¤¤¼t°Ó©Ò±o¨ìªº§Q¼í¨Ã¤£¬Û¦P¡C±qµ²ºc±À­lµ¦²¤¡A¡u¿W¦û¡v¤~¬O¼t°Ó§Q¼íªº¨Ó·½¡A¨C¤@®a¼t°Ó§¡À³³z¹L¦UºØµ¦²¤§@¬°§Î¦¨¤@­Ó¸û¨Îªº¿W¦ûµ²ºc¡A¨Ã¦b³oµ²ºc¤¤¦û¦³¤@­Ó¸û¨Îªº¦ì¸m¡C

²£·~¶°¤¤«×(Market Concentration)¬°´y­z¬Y¤@²£·~©Î¥«³õ¤º¼t°Ó¤j¤p¤§«ü¼Ð¡Cµ²¦X¼t°Ó³W¼Ò¤À¤£±o¤£§¡¤Ãµ{«×¤Î¼t°Ó¼Æ¥HÅã¥Ü¦U²£·~¤£¦Pªº¥«³õµ²ºc¤Î¯S©Ê¡A¥Nªí³o¨Ç­Y¤z°ª¥«³õ¦û¦³²v¼t°Ó¹ï¸Ó²£·~©Î²£«~¥«³õ¨ã¦³¤@©wµ{«×ªº¼vÅT¤O¡C¥Ø«e±`¥Î¤GºØ¶°¤¤«×¿Å¶q«ü¼Ð(Concentration Index)¦p¤U(Albarran, A.,1996 & Dupagne,1994 & Young,2000)¡G

¶°¤¤²v(Concentration Ratio)¡Gªí¥Ü¼t°Ó¦b¦¹¤@²£·~¤¤ªº¦a¦ì¡A³q±`¥H¡u³Ì¤jn®a¼t°Ó¶°¤¤²v¡v¨Óªí¥Ü¡A¨Ì·Ó¥«³õ¦û¦³²v¥Ñ¤j¨ì¤p±Æ§Ç¡A¨ú¨ä«e¥|¤j(CR4)¡B«e¤K¤j(CR8)¡B«e¤T¤j(CR3)©Î«e¤­¤j(CR5)¼t°Ó¥«³õ¦û¦³²v¤§©M(«á¨âªÌ¬°§Ú°ê¤½¥­¥æ©ö©e­û·|©Ò±Ä¦æ§PÂ_¬O§_¬°°ª¿W¥e©Ê²£·~ªº¼Ð·Ç)¡C

CR«ü¼ÐªºÀuÂI¬°¡G(¤@)­pºâ®e©ö¡R±N«en®a¥«³õ¥e¦³²v¸ê®Æ­pºâ¥[Á`¡F(¤G)®e©ö²z¸Ñ¡Gª½±µÆ[¹î¤j¼t°Óªº¥«³õ¥e¦³²v±¡§Î¡F¦ý¡A¤]¦]¦¹¡A¨ä¯ÊÂI¬°¡R(¤@)µLªk©ú½T´y­z²£·~¥þ»ª¡R¦]¬°¥u¦³¨ú«en¤jªº¼t°Ó¦Ó¤w¡A¥¼¦Ò¼{¨ä¥¦¦¸­n¼t°Óªº­«­n©Ê¡F(¤G)µLªkÅã¥Ü¬Û¹ï³W¼Ò¤j¤p¡G­Y²£·~¤º¦U¼t°Ó¥«³õ¥e¦³²v¤À§G±µªñ¤@­P¤À³¡(Uniform Distribution)¡A«hCR«KµLªk¤ÀªR®t²§¡C

¥t¤@´ú¶q¶°¤¤«×ªº«ü¼Ð¡AH«ü¼Æ(Herfindahl-Hirschman Index)µù1¡A¬ü°ê¥qªk³¡¤Ï¦«©Ô´µ§½(the Antitrust Division of the Justice Department)©ó1968¦~¹{­q¡u¥ø·~µ²¦X«ü¾É­ì«h¡v(Merger Guideline)¡A¨Ã©ó1982¦~6¤ë¡A«Å§i¦Û¦¹¥H«áªº¤Ï¦«©Ô´µ(Anti-Trust)§P¨Ò¡A¦b¨Ï¥Î¥«³õ¶°¤¤«×ªº´ú«×¤W¬O¥HHerfindahl-Hirschman«ü¼Æ¨Ó§PÂ_¡A¦Ó¤£¦A¥HCR¨Ó§PÂ_¡C

¨ä§PÂ_·Ç«h¬°¡R(¤@)HHI«ü¼Æ§C©ó1000ªÌ¡AÄÝ©ó§C¶°¤¤«×¥«³õ¡F(¤G)HHI«ü¼Æ¤¶©ó1000-1800ªÌ¡AÄݩ󤤫׶°¤¤«×¥«³õ¡F(¤T)HHI«ü¼Æ¶W¹L1800ªÌ¡AÄݩ󰪫׶°¤¤«×¥«³õ¡Cµù2
   
¥Ñ¤W­z±oª¾±ß¶¡¤»ÂI¥b¦Ü¤Q¤@ÂI³o¤@¬q®É¶¡¬O¤@¤Ñªº¦¬µø°ª®p¡A­Y±N¦¬µø²ßºD²Ó¤À¡A¤ÀªR¦U¹qµø¥x¦b¦¹¦¬µø®É¬qªº¥­§¡¦¬µø¦û¦³²v(Share)¡A©Ò±oµ²ªG¦p¤Uªí¤@©Ò¥Ü(¦û¦³²v¶W¹L1%¤~¤©¥H­pºâ)¡G

¥HHHI«ü¼Ð¨Ó¤ÀªR¡AHHI¤p©ó1000¡A¥Ñ¦¹±oª¾¡A¹qµø²£·~¬O³B©ó§C«×¶°¤¤ªº¥«³õ¡C

­Y¥HCR¶°¤¤²v¨Ó¤ÀªR¡ACR4¬°42.3%<50%¡A¦ý¤¶©ó33%<42.3%<50%¡ACR8¬°55.3%<75%¡A¦ý¤¶©ó50%<55.3%<75%¤§¶¡¡A¬G¥HCR4©Î¬OCR8¼Ð·Ç¨Ó¤ÀªR¥iª¾¡A¤»ÂI¥b¦Ü¤Q¤@ÂI³o¤@¬q®É¶¡ªº¹qµø¦¬µø¬O©ó¤¤«×¶°¤¤¥«³õ¡C

¥Ñ¤W­z¨â¶°¤¤«×«ü¼Ð¥i±oª¾¡A¹qµø²£·~¬O³B©ó¹qµø¥x¼Æ¦h¡B§C¶°¤¤«×¡B°ª«×Ävª§ªº§¹¥þÄvª§¥«³õ¡C

°£¤F¶°¤¤«×¤§¥~¡A¥Ñªí¤@¥ç¥iµo²{¡A¥þ¥xÆW±Nªñ¦Ê¥xªº¹qµø¸`¥Ø¥x¡A¦b¤@¤Ñ¶}¾÷²v³Ì°ªªº±ß¶¡¶Àª÷®É¬q¤¤¡A¦¬µø¦û¦³²v¶W¹L1%¤]¶È¦³25­Ó¹qµø¥x¡C

 

ªí¤@ ¶Àª÷®É¬q(±ß¶¡¤»ÂI¦Ü¤Q¤@ÂI)¦U®a¹qµø¥x¦û¦³¶°¤¤«×*

ÀW¹D¦WºÙ

ÀW¹DÃþ«¬

®a±ÚÀW¹D

¦û¦³²v(%)

HHI

¥Áµø

µL½u¹qµø¥x

µL½uÀW¹D

15.9

252.81

¤T¥ß¥xÆW

®T¼ÖÀ¸¼@

¤T¥ß

9.8

96.04

¤¤µø

µL½u¹qµø¥x

µL½uÀW¹D

9.3

86.49

µØµø

µL½u¹qµø¥x

µL½uÀW¹D

7.3

53.29

CR4

 

 

42.3

488.63

¥xµø

µL½u¹qµø¥x

µL½uÀW¹D

7.1

50.41

TVBS

ºî¦XÀW¹D

TVBS

2.2

4.84

¤K¤j²Ä¤@

®T¼ÖÀ¸¼@

¤K¤j

1.9

3.61

½Ãµø¤¤¤å

ºî¦XÀW¹D

¬PªÅ

1.8

3.24

CR8

 

 

55.3

550.73

¤T¥ß³£·|

®T¼ÖÀ¸¼@

¤T¥ß

1.8

3.24

TVBS·s»D

·s»DÀW¹D

TVBS

1.8

3.24

ªF´Ë¥®¥®

¥d³q

ªF´Ë

1.7

2.89

¤K¤jºî¦X

ºî¦XÀW¹D

¤K¤j

1.7

2.89

¥Áµø·s»D

·s»DÀW¹D

--------

1.5

2.25

ªF´Ë·s»D

·s»DÀW¹D

ªF´Ë

1.5

2.25

¤¤¤Ñ·s»D

·s»DÀW¹D

¤¤¤Ñ

1.5

2.25

¦~¥Nmuch

¥ð¶¢ªÀ±Ð

¦~¥N

1.5

2.25

HBO

¦è¤ùÀW¹D

--------

1.4

1.96

½Ãµø¹q¼v

°ê¤ùÀW¹D

¬PªÅ

1.4

1.96

ªF´Ëºî¦X

ºî¦XÀW¹D

ªF´Ë

1.4

1.96

­}¤h¥§

¥d³q

¤K¤j

1.3

1.69

¤T¥ß·s»D

·s»DÀW¹D

¤T¥ß

1.3

1.69

½n¨ÓÅé¨|

Åé¨|

½n¨Ó

1.2

1.44

¤K¤jÀ¸¼@

®T¼ÖÀ¸¼@

¤K¤j

1.2

1.44

ªF´Ë¹q¼v

°ê¤ùÀW¹D

ªF´Ë

1.1

1.21

½n¨Ó¹q¼v

°ê¤ùÀW¹D

½n¨Ó

1

1

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

¡@

¡@

¡@

¡@

¡@

¡@

¡@

¡@

¸ê®Æ¨Ó·½¡G¾ã²z¦Û¥§º¸´Ë¦æ¾P¬ã¨sÅU°ÝªÑ¥÷¦³­­¤½¥q

¥HÀW¹DÃþ«¬¨Ó¬Ý¡AµL½u¹qµø¥x¦û¦³²v¤´¬O³Ì°ª¡A¤­­Ó¹qµø¥x¤§¤¤¡A¦³¥|­Ó¤Jº]¡A¦û¦³²v§¡¦ì©~«e¤K¤j¡A·s»DÀW¹D¦³¤­­Ó¤Wº]¡A®T¼ÖÀ¸¼@»Pºî¦XÀW¹D¥ç¦³¥|­Ó¦b¨ä¤¤¡A¹q¼vÀW¹D¤]¦³¥|­Ó¡A°ê¤ù¥e¤T­Ó¡B¦è¤ù¦³¤@­ÓÀW¹D¡C

­Y¥H®a±ÚÀW¹Dªº¨¤«×¨Ó¬Ý¡GªF´Ë»P¤K¤j­Ó¦û¦³¥|­ÓÀW¹D¡A¤T¥ß¦³¤T­ÓÀW¹D¡A½n¨Ó¡B¬PªÅ¦U¦³¨â­Ó¡A¦~¥N»P¤¤¤Ñ¤]¦U¦³¤@­Ó¡C

¸g¥Ñ¥H¤W¼Æ¾Ú¤ÀªR¡Aµo²{¤@­Ó¦³½ìªº²{¶H¡A¥xÆWªº¹qµø²£·~¡A´N¦¬µø¦û¦³²v¨Ó¬Ý¡A³B©ó¤@­Ó§C¶°¤¤«×ªº§¹¥þÄvª§¥«³õ¡F¦ý¬O¡A­Y¥HÀW¹DÃþ«¬¨Ó¬Ý¡A¨ä¹ê¤£²æ¡GµL½u¥|¥x¡B®T¼Ö¡B·s»D¡B¹q¼v¡A³o´XÃþ¬°¤j©v¡C

¦A¡A­Y¥H®a±ÚÀW¹DªºÂI¨Ó°Ï¤À¡AªF´Ë¡B¤K¤j¡B¤T¥ß¡BTVBS¬°¥D­nÀW¹D¡A¨ä¹ê³o¼Ëªº§e²{µ²ªGÅã¥Ü¡G¥xÆWªº¹qµø²£·~¥H¾\Å¥²³­±¦Ó¨¥¡A¶°¤¤«×¬O¤À´²ªº¡A¦]¬°ÀW¹D¼Æ¤Ó¦h¡Aµ}ÄÀ¦¬µø¶°¤¤«×¡F¦ý¬O¡A­Y¬O¥HÀW¹DÆ[ÂI(Ãþ«¬/®a±Ú)¨Ó¬Ý¡A¨ä¹ê¨ã¦³°ª«×¶°¤¤ªº¯S©Ê¡A³o¬O¤@­Ó«Ü¤Ý­yªº¦a¤è¡A¨Ñµ¹(¹qµø¥x)»P»Ý¨D(¾\Å¥²³)ªº¨Ñ»Ý¥¢½Õ¡A¦ý¬O¤]»¡¥X¤F¥Ø«e¥xÆW¹qµø¥ÍºA¤¤°ÝÃDÄpµ²©Ò¦b¡C

¦P®É¤]¬Ý¥X¡A­n¦b¹qµø¥«³õ¤¤¡A¡u±Ã¡v±o1%ªº¦¬µø²v¡A¬O¦h»ò¤£®e©öªº¤@¥ó¨Æ±¡¡A©Ò¥H±q¨Æ½Õ¬d¬ÛÃö¤u§@·íµM¤£±o¤£ÂÔ·V¤p¤ß¡A¦]¬°¥L¨ÆÃö¹qµø¥x¤jµ§¤jµ§ªºª÷¿ú¦¬¤J¡C

¡u©â¼Ë¡v¬O¼vÅT½Õ¬d¬ã¨s¬O§_¦¨¥\ªº­«­nÃöÁä¡C


¸v¡B­Ý¨ã¡u«H«×¡v»P¡u®Ä«×¡vªº¹qµø¦¬µø²v¡I¡H

¤@¡B½Õ¬d¬ã¨s¤¤¡u«H«×¡v»P¡u®Ä«×¡vªº­«­n©Ê

¡u©â¼Ë¡v¤]´N¬O«ü©â¥X¨Ó¨ã¦³¥Nªí©Êªº¬ã¨s¹ï¶H--¡u¼Ë¥»¡v¡A´N¬O±q¡u¥ÀÅé¡v¤¤§ä¥X¡u¼Ë¥»¡vªº¹Lµ{¡C¦b²z·Qªº±¡ªp¤U¡A¬ã¨sªÌ³£§Æ±æ¯à¹ï¾ã­Ó¦X®æªº½Õ¬d¬ã¨s¹ï¶H¶i¦æ³X¬d¡A¦ý¦b¸ê·½¦³­­ªº±¡ªp¤U¡A·Q¹ï¾ã­Ó¥ÀÅé°µ¥þ¬d¡A¦³°õ¦æ¤Wªº§xÃø¡C¨ä©Ò­±Á{ªÌ¥]¬A¡G©Ò±o¨ìªº¸ê®Æ¥i¯àµLªk²`¤J¡B½Õ¬dªº®É¶¡¤W¤]¥i¯à¹Lªø¡C¦]¦¹¡A´N¥²¶·¥H¸û¬°¬ì¾Çªº¤èªk¡A±q¾ã­Ó¥ÀÅ餤©â¨ú¥Nªí©Êªº¡u¼Ë¥»¡v§@¬°©â¼Ë½Õ¬d¡C©Ò¥H»¡¦³¡u©â¼Ë¡v¡A©Ò¥H´N·|¦³¡u±À½×¡v¡C

ªÀ·|¬ì¾ÇÂǥѲέp¾Ç´£¨Ñ¦UºØ¤£¦Pªº¤èªk¨ÓÀË©wÅܼƻPÅܼƶ¡ªº®t²§©Î¬ÛÃöµ{«×¡C¥H¡u¥d¤èÀË©w¡v¨Ó»¡¡A©Ò¿×ªº¡u®t²§ÅãµÛ¡v¡A¬O»¡¬Y­Ó«H¤ß¤ô·Ç¤U(¨Ò¦p¡G¦Ê¤À¤§¤E¤Q¤­ªº«H¤ß¤ô·Ç¤U)¡A¥ÀÅé¡u¤£¬O¦P¤@¡v¡F¦P¼Ë¦a¡A©Ò¿×¡u¬ÛÃö©ÊÅãµÛ¡v¬O«ü¬Y­Ó«H¤ß¤ô·Ç¤U¡@(¨Ò¦p¡G¦Ê¤À¤§¤E¤Q¤­ªº«H¤ß¤ô·Ç¤U)¡A¥ÀÅ餣¬O¬Û¤¬¿W¥ß¡C

²Ä¤G¡B¤ÀªRªº¬O¡u¼Ë¥»¡v¡A¦ý±À½×ªº¬O¡u¥ÀÅé¡v¡A¡u¼Ë¥»¡v¨s³ºµLªkµ¥¦P©ó¡u¥ÀÅé¡v¡F¦]¦¹¡A§Ú­Ì¥u¯à»¡¦³¦Ê¤À¤§¦h¤Öªº«H¤ß»¡¥ÀÅé¦p¦ó¦p¦ó¡F²Ä¤T¡B¨â­ÓÅܼƪº¡u®t²§ÅãµÛ¡v¡A²Î­pªº»¡ªk¬O¡u¦³«H¤ß»¡¥ÀÅ餣¬O¦P¤@¡v¡F¨âÅܼƬÛÃöÅãµÛ¡A²Î­pªº»¡ªk¬O¡u¦³«H¤ß»¡¥ÀÅ餣¬O¿W¥ß¡v¡C¦Ü©ó¡u¦³¦h®t²§¡v©Î¡u¦³¦h¬ÛÃö¡v«h«D¨ä©Ò½×¡C

²Î­p¾Ç¼sªx¦a¹B¥Î¦bªÀ·|¬ì¾Çªº¬ã¨s¤¤¡A¦UºØ²Î­p¤èªk³£¦³¨Ï¥Î­­¨î¡A¨ä¤ÀªRªºµ²ªG¤]¦³¿W¯Sªº·N¸q¡A¦ý¬O¡A¥²¶··d²M·¡¡A§_«h«Ü®e©ö»~¸Ñ¡A­«ÂI¤£¬O¦b­pºâ¡A¸ÑŪ¼Æ¾Ú¤~¬OÃöÁä¡F¼Æ¦rªº¸ÑŪ¥Rº¡³´¨À¡A¤@¤£¤p¤ß´N±¼¶i¥h¡C¦³®É­Ô±±¨î¤F²Ä¤T¦]¡A¥»¨Ó¤£¬ÛÃöªº¦]¯À¬ðµMÅܬÛÃö¤F¡C©Ò¥H¡A¹Bºâ¹Lµ{­n«D±`¤p¤ß¡A¹L«×ª±§Ë¼Æ¦rªºµ²ªG¡A«Ü®e©ö±o¥X¦³°ÝÃDªºµ²½×¡C¼Æ¦r·|»¡¸Ü¡A¦ý¬O¡A¤]®É­Ô¤]¥i¯à»¡ªº¬OÁÀ¸Ü¡C

¤G¡B¹qµø¦¬µø²v½Õ¬d¤¤ªº¥i«H«×

    Ãö©ó¡u¦¬µø²v¡v½Õ¬d¡A¾Ç¬É¦h¶°¤¤¦b©â¼Ë¤èªk¤Wªº°Q½×¡A¨ä¹ê³o¬O³Ì®Ú¥»ªº°ÝÃD¡A¦]¬°¤èªk¤£¾A·í¡A¹N½×¤§«á©Ò¦³ªº©µ¦ù·Qªk»P¾Þ§@¡A·|¨ã¦³¥ô¦ó¥Nªí©Ê¡F¦ý¬O¡A«Ü¥i±¤ªº¡A³o¼ËªºÆ[ÂI¡AÁ`¬O¦b¹ê°È¾Þ§@¤W³Q»{¬°¬O¡u¦±°ª©M¹è¡v¡A¦Ó¤£¨ü­«µø¡A©Î¬O»´©öªº¯ó²v±a¹L¡C  

 

ªí¤G °ê¤º¥H¦¬µø²v¬°¥DÃDªº¬ÛÃö´Á¥Z½×¤å¤@Äýªí

 

¬ã¨sªÌ

¬ã¨s¥DÃD

¦¬µø²v¤ÀªR­«ÂI

³¢  ­s(1985)

¥xÆW¦a°Ï¹qµø¦¬µø²v½Õ¬d¤èªk¤§¤ñ¸û¬ã¨s

¥xÆW¦a°Ï¹qµø¦¬µø²v½Õ¬d¤èªk¤ñ¸û

³¯¥@±Ó¡N¿à°ê¬w¡N±i¥­µ¥(1986)

¹qµø¦¬µø²v½Õ¬d»P¹qµø´CÅé¡N¼s§i¤À°t¡N¸`¥Ø¥ø¹º»s§@¤§ÃöÁp©Ê¬ã¨s

¤ÀªR¤F°ê¤º·í®É¦¬µø²v½Õ¬d¦b¤èªkÆ[©À¡B´ú¶q¤è¦¡¡B©â¼Ëµ¥²£¥ÍªººÃ¼{

¶Àß»«Â(1999)

µêÀÀ¾\Å¥¤H¡S±q¦^õXÆ[ÂI¤ÀªR¥xÆW¦a°Ï¦¬µø/Å¥²v½Õ¬dªº²{ªp¡G¥H¼í§Q¡N¬õ¤ì¡N¥§º¸»¹¥xÆW¤½¥q¬°¨Ò

 

¤ÀªR¥xÆW¦a°Ï¦¬Å¥²v½Õ¬d¤Ï¬MªºÅ¥²³·§©À¡B¦¬µø²v½Õ¬d§e²{ªºÅ¥²³·§©À¡A±q¦^õXÆ[ÂI¹ï²{¦³¦¬µø/Å¥²v½Õ¬d´£¥X°Q½×»P«Øij

¤ý¥É´@(1999)

¦hÀW¹D¹q¤l´CÅéÀô¹Ò¸Ìªº©¾¸Û¾\Å¥¤H¡G¦¬µø²v½Õ¬d·s§Þ³N»P­«½Æ¦¬µø²v

¤ñ¸û¥|ºØ¦¬µø²v´ú¶q§Þ³N¤§À³¥Îµ{§Ç¡B°ÝÃD¡A¤ÀªR¦hÀW¹D¹q¤l´CÅéÀô¹Ò¸Ì¾\Å¥¤Hªº©¾¸Û«×¤§¬[ºc

°ª¥ÉªÚ(2000)

´M§ä¾\Å¥¡Gºô»Úºô¸ô¾\Å¥¤H½Õ¬d¤èªk¤Î¨ä¬ÛÃö°ÝÃD¤§±´°Q

µÛ­«¤èªk¤Wªº°Q½×¡A´£¥X¤KÂI´ú¶q¤èªkªº­ì«h¡B´ú¶q¤èªk»P½]®Ö«Øij

¸ê®Æ¨Ó·½¡G¬ã¨s¾ã²z

±q¨ÆªÀ·|½Õ¬d¤u§@¦³¨âºØ¤è¦¡¡G´¶¬d»P©â¼Ë½Õ¬d¡A«eªÌªá¶O®É¶¡¡B¦¨¥»¡B¤H¤O°ª¡A©Ò¥H©â¼Ë½Õ¬d·|¬O¤@­Ó¬Û¸û¤§¤U¸û¦nªº¤èªk¡A¦ý¬O¦³¡u©â¼Ë¡v¡A´N¤@©w¦³¡u±À¦ô¡v¡A¦³±À¦ô¡A´N¤@©w·|¦³¡u»~®t¡v¡A©Ò¥H¦b¹B¥Î¥ô¦ó©â¼Ë«á©Ò½Õ¬d¨ìªº¼Æ¾Ú(¤×¨ä¬O¸`¥Ø¦¬µø²v)¤§«e¡AÀ³¸Ó¦³¤@­ÓÆ[©À¡G©Ò¦³¥«³õ½Õ¬d©Ò±Ä¶°¨Ó¦ôºâªº¼Æ¾Ú¡A¥²©w¦³¨ä²Î­p¤Wªº»~®t¡F¥Ø«e±q¨Æ¹qµø¦¬µø²v½Õ¬d¡A¥xÆW¦³¨â®a¥«³õ½Õ¬d¤½¥q¶i¦æ¬ÛÃö¤u§@¡A©Î³\¡A¦b°ê¥~¦æ¤§¤w¤[ªº¹qµø¦¬µø²v½Õ¬d¡A­·¦æ³\¤[¡A¦ý¬O¡A¬O¤£¬O²Å¦X¥xÆW³o­Ó¯S®íªº¹qµø´CÅéÀô¹Ò¡H­È±o¶i¤@¨B¦A«ä¦Ò¡C

²{¶¥¬qÃö©ó¦¬µø²vªº°QßA¦h¥b¶°¤¤¦b¤èªk¤Wªº°Q½×¡A³o©Î³\¬O¤@­ÓÆ[ÂI¡A¦ý¬O¡A¨Ã¤£¥Nªí¥u­n§JªA¤F¤èªk¤Wªº°ÝÃD¡A¡u¦¬µø²v¡v´N¬O©Ò¦VµL¼Äªº¸ªªáÄ_¨å¡C

    ¦A¡A¨S¦³¥ô¦ó¤@®a±q¨Æ¹qµø¦¬µø²vªº¤½¥q·|³æ¿W¬°¬Y¤@¯S©w¸`¥Ø¶i¦æ½Õ¬d¡A´«¨¥¤§¡A¦¬µø²v«ü¼Ð¬O¤@­Ó¤@¯ë©Êªº°Ñ¦Ò¡A¦pªG­n°w¹ï¨C¤@¯S©w±Ú¸s(¦~ÄÖ¡B°Ï°ì¡B¨Ï¥Î»y¨¥¡Kµ¥Åܶµ)¶i¦æ¤ÀªR¡A´N­n«D±`¤p¤ß©ÒÀò±oªºµ²ªG¬O¤£¬O¸¨©ó¼Ð·Ç»~®t¤¤¡A¥Ñ¤§«e¤ÀªR±oª¾¡A¦b¹qµø¥ÍºA¤§¤¤¡A·í©Ò¦³¸gÀçªÌ³£¦b¨V¨VÀçÀç©ó¨º1%ªº¦¬µø²v®É¡A¦³ªñ¥|¤À¤§¤Tªº¹qµøÀW¹D¬O¸¨©ó1%¤§«áªº¡A¬°¤F¤ÀªR¥X¦Û¤v·Q­nªº¼Æ¾Ú(¦ÑÁ󪺴Á«Ý)¡A©Ò¥H¤£Â_ªº¤Á¬°²Ó¶µ¨Ó¤ÀªR¡A½Õ¬d¤½¥q¬°¤F²Å¦X¹qµø¥x«È¤áªº»Ý¨D¡A¤]¤£Â_¶}µo©Ò¿×ªº¡u·s¡v²£«~¨Ó¦]À³¡A¦ý¬O¦³½ÖÄ@·N¯uªº°±¤U¸}¨B¨Ó·Q·Q¡G¤£½×¥ô¦óªº¤ÀªR¡A¹L«×©µ¦ùªº±À½×¡A¤£¶È¥¢¤Fºë·Ç¡A¤]¥¢¤F¤½«H¤O¡C

¥î¡B¹qµø¦¬µø²v¹B¥Îªº°Q½×

¥Ø«e¾Ç³N¬ÉÃö©ó¦¬µø²vªº¬ã¨s¡A»¡¶°¤¤¦b¤èªk¤Wªº°Q½×¡A¦ý¨ä¹ê¡A¦p¦ó¨Ï¥Î¦¬µø²v½Õ¬d¼Æ¾Ú¡A¥»¨­¤]¬O¤@ªù¬Û·í­«­nªº°ÝÃD¡A¥»¤å°w¹ï¹qµø¥xªº¦¬µø²v¹B¥Î¬°¥DÃD¡A¬G¡A¥H¤U´N¹qµø¥xºÞ²z¨Mµ¦ªÌ¡B±q¨Æ¦¬µø²v¤ÀªRªÌ¥H¤Î±q¨Æ¦¬µø²v¥«³õ½Õ¬d¬ÛÃö¤u§@ªÌ¤TªÌ¥H¤ÎºA«×¡B¯à¤O¡B¤èªk¡B§Þ³N¥|¤è­±¨Ó°Q½×¡G

¤@¡B¹qµø¥x¸gÀçºÞ²z¨Mµ¦ªÌ-¡uºA«×¡v»P¡u¯à¤O¡v°ÝÃD

¡§»OÆWªº¦¬µø²v½Õ¬d¤½¥qÀ³¸Ó¹³°ê¥~¤@¼Ë¡A¥u¥X¥H15¤ÀÄÁ¬°³æ¦ìªº¦¬µø²v³ø§i¡A¦¬µø²v½Õ¬d­n§e²{ªº¡AÀ³¸Ó¬O¤@­ÓÁͶաA¦Ó¤£¬O¤@­Óµ´¹ïªº¼Æ¦rªí²{¡C(Ithome ´CÅé¹q¤l³ø08.20.2001)¡¨

¦¬µø²v½Õ¬dÁöµM¨Ã¤£¬O¤@­Óºë½Tªº¼Æ¾Ú¡A¦Ó¬O±N¤@­Ó·§¬A©Êªº¼Æ¦r¡A¥H·¥¬°ºë²Óªº¤è¦¡¨Ó¨Ï¥Î¡A´N½Õ¬d¤Wªº©â¼Ë¤èªk¦Ó¨¥¡A¤£¥i¯à¦³¥ô¦ó¬ã¨s³]­p¥»¨­¬O§¹¥þºë·Çªº½Õ¬d¡A©Ò¥H²£¥Íªº½Õ¬d¼Æ¦rÀ³¸Ó¥u¯à°µ¬°·§©À©Êªº¹B¥Î¡C

¦¬µø²v½Õ¬d­n§e²{ªº¡AÀ³¸Ó¬O¤@­ÓÁͶաA¦Ó¤£¬O¤@­Óµ´¹ïªº¼Æ¦rªí²{¡C»P¨ä¹ï0.01%¤ç¤ç­p¸û¡Aª§°õ¤£¥ð¡A¤£¦p¥Hªø´Á½Õ¬d(¥H©u©Î¦~¬°³æ¦ì)¡A¸g¦~²Ö¤ë¦a²Ö¿n¾\Å¥²³ªº¦¬µø¸ê®Æ¡A¶i¦æ¾\Å¥²³³ß¦n©M«~¨ýªºªø´Á°lÂܽլd©M¤ñ¸û¤ÀªR¡A±q¤¤§ä¥X¯ß¸¨¡C

¬ì§Þªºµo®i»P»»±±¾¹ªº¨Ï¥Î¨Ï¾\Å¥²³ªº¿ï¥x¦æ¬°²£¥Í¤F¤£¦P©ó¥H©¹ªºÅܤơA­p¸ûµu´Áªº¦¬µø¼Æ¦r(Àþ¶¡¾\Å¥²³¦¬µø²v)¡A¨ä¹ê¹ï¸`¥Ø³W¹º¦Ó¨¥¡A¨ÃµLÅãµÛ±o§U¯q¡C¦Óªø´Á¦¬µø¸ê®Æ¡A¤£¶È¶i¤@¨B®Ú¾Ú¦¬µøÆ[²³ªº¿³½ì»P±ý±æ¦Ó³]­p¥X¸`¥Ø»s§@»P½s±Æ¡A¨Ï¹ï¸`¥ØÃþ«¬¦³¤£¦Pªº°¾¦nÆ[²³¡A¦P®É¦³¦hÃþ«¬ªº¿ï¾Ü¡A¦P®É¹ï©ó¸`¥Ø½s±Æµ¦²¤¤§¿ï¾Ü¡A¤]¨ã³Æ¬YºØ«ü¤Þ©Êªº§@¥Î¡A¦A¶i¤@¨B«Ø¥ß¾\Å¥²³¸`¥Ø©¾¸Û«×¡AÁקK¬y©ó¶È¶È¬O¼Æ¦rªºÄvª§¡C

¹qµø¥xªº¸gÀçºÞ²zªÌ¡A¹ï©ó¹qµø¥xªºÀç¹B¤Î¸`¥Øªº½s±Æ¡A¨ã¦³Á|¨¬»´­«ªº¼vÅT¡A©Ò¥H¸gÀçºÞ²zªÌ¹ï©ó¦¬µø²vªº¡uºA«×¡v¥H¤Î¦¬µø²vªº¡uÃÑŪ²v¡v§ó¥[­«­n¡C«ç»ò»¡©O?¥Ø«e°ê¤º¹qµø¥xªº¸gÀçºÞ²zªÌ¹ï©ó¡u¦¬µø²v¡v§e²{·¥ºÝªº¨â·¥¤ÏÀ³¡A¤@¤è¬°¡u·¥ºÝ¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¡v¡A·¥ºÝ¨Ï¥Îªº¨Mµ¦ªÌ¡A¨C¤Ñ³£­n¤ÀªR¼Æ¾Ú±Æ¦W¡A¬°­p¸û0.01%ªº¦¬µø²v­W´o¤£¤w¡A¤é³ø¡B¶g³ø¡B¤ë³ø¡B©u³ø¡K¤Ñ¤Ñ³ø¡A¥u¬°´Á«Ý­þ¤@¤Ñ¯à°n¥X¤@­Ó°ª¤@ÂIªº¼Æ¦r¡F¥t¤@¤è«h¬°¡u²@¤£¨Ï¥ÎªÌ¡v¡A¦¹ºØÃþ«¬ªº¤H¹ï©ó¦¬µø²v©ê«ù°ª«×ÃhºÃªººA«×¡A¡u¦¬µø²v¤£·Ç¡v¬O¥L­Ì¦@¦Pªº¤ßÁn¡C

¼vÅT¡uºA«×¡vªº¤@­«­nÃöÁä¦]¯À¡A¬O¯à¤O°ÝÃD¡A¤]´N¬O¦¬µø²vªº¡uÃÑŪ²v¡v¡C¤£¥i§_»{ªº¡A90¦~¥N°_¥xÆW¤~¦³¦¬µø²v½Õ¬d§Þ³Nªº¤Þ¶i¡A¦ý¥Ø«e²{¶¥¬q¹qµø¥x¨Mµ¦ªÌ¹ï©ó¦¬µø²v¼Æ¾ÚªºÁA¸Ñµ{«×¡A©ÎªÌ»¡¨Ï¥Î¯à¤O¡A¬O­È±o²`¤JÁA¸Ñªº¡C¦pªG¹qµø¥x¨Mµ¦ªÌ¬Ý¤£À´³øªí»P¼Æ¾Ú¡A¹ï³o¨Ç¼Æ¾Ú¨S¦³·§©À¡A¦¨¤Ñ¥u·QµÛ¨ä¥L¤H©M¥L³ø§i¬°¤°»ò·|³o¼Ë¡H©Î³\¥L­Ì¤£¬O¤£¬°¡]ºA«×¡^¤]¡A¬O¤£¯à¡]¯à¤O¡^¤]¡I

¤G¡B¹qµø¥x±q¨Æ¦¬µø²v¤ÀªRªÌ-¡u¯à¤O¡v»P¡u¤èªk¡v°ÝÃD

¦¬µø²v¼Æ¦r¨Ã¤£¬O°ß¤@ªºÀËÅç«ü¼Ð¡A¦¬µø½è¬ã¨s¦b¤ÀªR¼s«×¤W¨Ã¤£¯à¨ú¥N¦¬µø²v¡A§Æ±æ°T®§³Q±µ¦¬¨ìªº¾÷·|¸û°ª©Î±µÄ²¹ï¶H¯à¸û¼sªx®É¡A¦¬µø²v°ªªº¸`¥Ø¤ñ¸û¦³¾÷·|¯à°÷µ¹¤©¸û¦nªº«OÃÒ¡F¦ý¬O¡A­YµÛ­«¦b·¾³qªº¹ï¶H¡A¦b±µ¦¬°T®§®ÉªººA«×¬O³B¦b¥¿­±ªº¡B§ë¤Jªº¡B·¾³q¹ï¶H¬O¯S®í¥Ø¼Ð¸sªº®É­Ô¡A¿ï¾Ü°ª¦¬µø²vªº¸`¥Ø¥i¯à®e©ö³´¤J¼Æ¦rªº°g«ä¡C

­Y¯à°÷°w¹ïÀW¹DÄݩʩΩw¦ìÂA©úªº¸`¥Ø¡A¶i¦æ½è¤Æ¦¬µø²v¬ã¨s¡AÁA¸Ñ¤£¦P«¬ºA¸`¥Ø¨äÆ[²³½ü¹ø¡A¤Î¤£¦PªºÃþ«¬¨ä¦¬µø¸sªº¯A¤J«×¡]Involvement¡^·|§ó¦³À°§U¡C

¦ý¬O¯¸¦b´CÅé¬ã¨sªº¥ß³õ¡A¹ï©ó¸ÑªR¹qµø¦¬µø½è¡A©Ò¸Ó§@ªº§V¤O¬O¬ð¯}¹q¤l¬ö¿ý¾¹ªº¥\¯à(¶À¼wµX¡A2001)¡A±Ä¥Î»PPeoplemeter¦P¨Bªº·§©Àª½±µ°O¿ýÆ[²³²{³õªº¯u¹ê¤ÏÀ³¡A¥i¥H§K¦^¾Ðªº°T®§¦]¬°®É¶¡®t¦Ó¥¢¯u¡A¥H¤Î¦b±µ¨ü¤H­û­±³X©Î¹q¸Ü³X°Ý®É¡AºUÂø¤F¤H©Ê¦b¦^µªº¡·N«×»P°¾¦n«×®ÉªººA«×»~®t¡A§Q¥Î¹q¤l¬ö¿ý¾¹¤]¯à°÷Åý¦¬µø½è»P¦¬µø²v¨âªÌªº¸ê®Æ¨Ó·½¤@­P¡A¹ï¸`¥Øªº¸ÑŪ¤]¤~¤½¥­¡C

±q¨Æ¦¬µø²v¤ÀªR¡A¬O¤£¬O¤@ªù±M·~¡A²³»¡¯É¯Æ¡A¦ý¬O±q¨Æ¦¬µø²v¤ÀªRªÌ¥²¶·­n¦³¡u¯à¤O¡v¯à°÷³B²z»P§PÂ_¤ÀªR¼Æ¾Ú»Pµ²ªG¡A±q¦¬µø½Õ¬d¬ã¨s©â¼Ë¶}©l¤D¦Ü¦¬µø²v¼Æ¾ÚªºÂ^¨ú¤ÀªR¡A³o¼Ëªº¹Lµ{¡A¥²¶·¦p¼Æ®a¬Ã¯ëªº³z¹ýÁA¸Ñ¡C¦p¦¹¤~¦³¥¿½TªººA«×³B²z¨C¤Ñ¦p¼é¤ô´é²{ªº¦¬µø¼Æ¾Ú¡A¤]¤~¤£·|°g¥¢¦b¼Æ¦rªº¬x¬y¤§¤¤¡C

¦¹¥~¡A¥Î¤°»ò¡u¤èªk¡v¨Ó¤ÀªR¡A¤]¬O¨M©w¼Æ¦r§e²{ªº­«­nÃöÁä¦]¯À¤§¤@¡A´N¤ÀªRªÌ¦Ó¨¥¡A¥i¥H±Ä¥Î¤£¦Pªº¤ÀªR°ò¦¨Ó±o¨ì·Q­nªº¼Æ¾Ú¡A¦ý¬O¡A¤£­n§Ñ°O½Õ¬d¬ã¨s¤¤³Ì°ò¥»ªº¡u«H«×¡v»P¡u®Ä«×¡vªº°ÝÃD¡A­Õ­Y¼Æ¾Ú¥¢¥h¤F¡u«H«×¡v»P¡u®Ä«×¡v¡A§Y«K¦³¦Aº}«Gªº¼Æ¾Ú¡A³£¬OªÅ½Í¡C

¤T¡B±q¨Æ¦¬µø¥«³õ½Õ¬d¬ÛÃö¤u§@ªÌ-¡u¤èªk¡v»P¡u§Þ³N¡v°ÝÃD

³o¬O¤@¶µ¨ã¦³¡u¨Ï©R¡vªº¤u§@¡AÁöµM¥xÆWªº´CÅé¦h¬O¦b°Ó·~¥«³õ¤¤Ävª§¡AÃø§K¦³¡u¦b°Ó¨¥°Ó¡v³oºØ¤£±o¤£µMªº±Ã¤ã»P½Ä¬ð¡C¦ý¬O¡A§O§Ñ¤F¡u´CÅé¡v¤§©Ò¥H²§©ó¨ä¥L²£·~¡A¦b©ó¡u´CÅé¡vÁÙ¥²¶·¾á­tµÛªºªÀ·|³d¥ô¡A©Î³\¬O¨H­«ªº­t¾á¡A¦ý¥²©w¬O¤@¶µ²¢»eªº­t²ü¡C

±Ð¨|¹qµø¥x±q¨Æ¦¹¬ÛÃö¤u§@ªº¤H­û©Î¸gÀçªÌ¡A¥¿½Tªº¨Ï¥Î»PÂÔ·Vªº¤ÀªR©Ò±o¨ìªº¼Æ¾Ú¡A¹ï©ó«P¶i¹qµø²£·~«~½èªº§ïµ½¡A©w·|¦³§U¯q¡C

·íµM¡A¤£¶È¶È¬O¡u´CÅé¡v¡A¡u½Õ¬d¬ã¨s¡v¤]¬O¤@¶µ¥²¶·¶WµM¦b°Ó·~¥«³õ¤¤ªº¥t¤@­Ó³õ°ì¡A¤ÀªR¥²¶·¶WµM¡B¤½¥¿¡A¤£¨ü¬Fªv¡Bª÷¿ú¡BÅv¶Õ...¦]¯À©Ò¥ª¥k¡C

¦]¬°±q¨Æ¦¬µø½Õ¬dªº¤½¥q¡A¹ê¦b¬O¦³¨ä¨Ï©R»P¸q°È¡A§iª¾¹qµø¥x¡u¦¬µø²v¡vªº­­¨î¡A¥²¶·©Ó»{¡A¡u¦¬µø²v¡v¤£¬O¸U¯àªº¡A¤£¥i¯à¸Ñ¨M©Ò¦³°ÝÃD¡A¦]¬°¥L¤£¬O¸UÆF¤¦¡A¤£¯à¤@¥y¡u§Ú­Ì¤£«Øij...¡A¦ý¬O¦pªG¹qµø¥x­n³o¼Ë¤ÀªR¼Æ¾Ú¡A§Ú­Ì¤]¨S¦³¿ìªk...¡v³o¼ËªººA«×¨Ó³B²z°ÝÃD¡C

½Õ¬d¤½¥qµL»Ý¹ï¹qµø¥x«È¤á¤p¤ßÁlÁl¡A²`©È«åºC¡AÀ³¸Ó¥H¦Pµ¥¤è¦¡±Ð¨|«È¤á¦p¦ó¥¿½T¨Ï¥Î»P§PŪ¼Æ¾Ú¡A¦Ó¤£¬O¤@¨ýªºªþ©M©Î¤£»P¸mµû¡A¥ô¦ó¥¢¤F·Ç«×ªº¼Æ¾Ú¡A¬°¨ä©Ò¸¹ºÙªº±M·~©Ò»X¹Ð¡C

¦ý¬O¡A¬O¤£¬O©Ò¦³¹qµø¥x³£¥²¶·±N¡u¦¬µø²v¡v©^¬°¦c¯å¡H¹ï©ó³o¸¹ºÙ¡u¥xÆW©_ÂÝ¡vªº¤@¦Ê¦h­Ó¤j¤p¹qµø¥x¨Ó»¡¡A¨C¤Ñ¦³¥|¤À¤§¤Tªº¡]¤C¤Q¤­­Ó¡^¹qµø¥x¦¬µø²v¤£¤Î1%¡AÅý¤H¤£¸T·Q°Ý¡G¯uªº¦³¥²­n¬°¤F¨º0.01%ªº¦¬µø²v¡Aªá¤j§âªºª÷¿úÁʶR¸ê®Æ¡A¤j±iºX¹ªªº¦P«Ç¾Þ¤à¶Ü¡H¤£À³¦A¥H¦¬µø²v¼Æ¦r¨Ó§@¬°»s§@¸`¥Øªº³æ¤@¨Ì¾Ú¡C

ÀôÅU°ê¥~ªº¨Ò¤l¡Aªï¦XÆ[²³ªº¤f¨ý¡A¨Ã«D¬O³æ¤@Àç¹Bµ¦²¤¡CÁ|¨Ò¨Ó»¡¡A¦b°ê®a¤è­±¡A¤é¥»ªºNHK»P­^°êªºBBC¹qµø¸`¥Ø¤º®e¡A¨ü°ê¤º¥~Æ[²³ªºÅwªï¡A»s§@¤ô·Ç­È±oªÖ©w¡Q±q¥t¤@­Ó¨¤«×¨Ó¬Ý¡A³o¨â®a¹qµø¥x¨ä¸`¥Ø«~½è¤@ª½ºû«ù¬Û·í°ªªº¤ô·Ç¡A¤]±q¤£¥H¦¬µø²vªº¼Æ¦r¨Ó§ïÅܨä¸gÀç¤è°w¡]¾¨ºÞ¤½Àç¹qµø¥x»P¨pÀç¹qµø¥xªº³]¥ß­I´º¤£¦P¡AÄvª§±ø¥ó¤]¤£¦P¡A¦ý¨pÀç¹qµø¥x¤´À³³Q´Á³\±N»s§@¨}µ½¸`¥Ø§@¬°¤½¥qµo®iµ¦²¤¤§¤@¡^¡C

¦A±q³æ¤@¸`¥Ø¨Ó¬Ý¡ADiscovery¡]±´¯ÁÀW¹D¡^»P¬ü°ê°ê®a¦a²zÀW¹D¨â­Ó¸`¥Ø¡Aªø´Á²`¨ü¾\Å¥²³¦nµû¡A¨Ã¦æ¾P®ü¥~¡A¨ä¨Ì¾Úªº¡A¤]¨Ã«D¦¬µø²vªº³æ¤@«ü¼Ð¡C³o´X­Ó¨Ò¤l¡A³£¥´¯}¤F¹qµø¤½¥q¹ï¦¬µø­°§C¦¬¤J§Y´î¤Öªºµu´ÁÅU¼{¡C¦]¦¹¡A¹qµø¤½¥qÀ³¥H°l¨D°ª«~½è¤º®e°µ¬°¤½¥qªº¥D­nµ¦²¤¡A°µ¥X·s»D©M¸`¥Øªº¤f¸O¡A´Â¥ÃÄò¸gÀçµo®i¡A¤£µu½u¾Þ§@¡A¤~¯à°l¨D³Ì¤jªº§Q¼í¡C·íµM¡A³o»Ý­n¹Á¸Õ»P®É¶¡¡C

©Î³\¡A¡u¦¬µø²v¡v¬O¥xÆW¹qµø¥ÍºA²{¦æªº´¶¥@»ù­ÈÆ[¡A¦ý¬O¤£¦PÃþ«¬ªº¹qµø¥x¤]·|¦³¤£¦Pªº©w¦ì»P·N¸q¡A©Î³\±N³o¨Ç¹ï©ó¼Æ¦r°l¨Dªºªá¶OÂಾ¨ì¹ï©ó¥Ø¼Ð¾\Å¥²³ªº²`«×Æ[¹î¡]°Ý¨÷¡BµJÂI¹ÎÅé¡^¡A§ó¯à´x´¤©ÒÄݹqµø¥x¾\Å¥²³ªº»Ý¨D»P³ß¦n¡C


°Ñ¦Ò¸ê®Æ

¤¤¤å³¡¤À

¤ý´@¥É¡]1996¡^ ¡C¡q¦hÀW¹D¹q¤l´CÅéÀô¹Ò¸Ìªº©¾¸Û¾\Å¥¤H¡G¦¬µø²v½Õ¬d·s§Þ³N»P­«½Æ¦¬µø²v¡r¡A¡m¼s¼½»P¹qµø¡n¡A²Ä¤Q¤T´Á¡A­¶23-40¡C

¤ýÎg·ë¡]1998¡^¡C¡q¶g¥ð¤G¤é¼vÅT´CÅéÁʶRµ¦²¤¡r¡A¡m°Ê¸£¡n¡A²Ä¤G¤»¤K´Á¡A­¶32-34¡C

§õª³¡]1998¡^Ķ¡CBuzzard KarenµÛ¡m¹q¤l´CÅéµøÅ¥²v½Õ¬d¡n¡C¥x¥_¡G¼s¹q°òª÷¡C

±i¨Ì¶²¡]2000¡^¡C¡m¸Ñºc¥xÆW¦a°Ï¹qµø¸gÀç¥ÍºA»P¦¬µø²v¤§ÃöÁp¡n¡A¥x¥_¡G°ê¥ß¬Fªv¤j¾Ç¼s¼½¹qµø¬ã¨s©ÒºÓ¤h½×¤å¡C

±i®É°·¡]2003¡^¡C¡m¦³½u¹qµøÀW¹DªºÄvª§°ÝÃD¡X¥H¸gÀÙÆ[ÂI¤ÀªR¡n¡A¥x¥_¡Gµoªí©ó»²¤¯¤j¾Ç¡u´CÅé»PÀô¹Ò¡v¾Ç³N¬ã°Q·|¡C

³¯¥@±Ó¡B¿à°ê¬w¡B±i¥­µ¥¡]1986¡^¡C¡m¹qµø¦¬µø²v½Õ¬d»P¹qµø´CÅé¡N¼s§i¤À°t¡N¸`¥Ø¥ø¹º»s§@¤§ÃöÁp©Ê¬ã¨s¡n¡A¥x¥_¡G¦æ¬F°|·s»D§½¡C

³¯¶®µÓ¡]1998¡^¡C¡q½Ö´x´¤´»°²ªº·n±±¾¹¡r¡A¡m°Ê¸£¡n¡A²Ä¤G¤»¤C´Á¡A­¶115-117¡C

´^ªå¡BÁé°_´f¡]1997¡^¡C¡m¦³½u¹qµø»PÆ[²³¡n¡C¥x¥_¡G¼s¹q°òª÷¡C

¶À·s¥Í¡]1995¡^¡C¡m¹qµø´CÅéºÞ²z¡n¡C¥x¥_¡G¼s¹q°òª÷¡C

¶À¼wµX¡]2001¡^ ¡C¡q²L½Í¦¬µø½è·§©À¡r¡A¡m¼s§iÂø»x¡n¡A²Ä¤@¤@¤C´Á¡A­¶108-110¡C

¶¾«Ø¤T¡]1994¡^Ķ¡CPicard Robert GµÛ¡m´CÅé¸gÀپǡn¡C¥x¥_¡G»·¬y¡C

¶Àß»«Â¡]1994¡^¡C¡q¹qµø·s»D°t¼Ö¹ï¾\Å¥¤Hªº¼vÅT¡r¡A¡m¼s¼½»P¹qµø¡n¡A²Ä¤T´Á¡A­¶67-88¡C

¶Àß»«Â¡]1995¡^¡C¡mºË·Ç¦³½u¹qµø¥«³õ¡n¡C¥x¥_¡G¼s¹q°òª÷¡C

¶Àß»«Â¡]1997¡^¡C¡m¨«¦V¹qµøÆ[²³¡n¡C¥x¥_¡G®É­^¡C

¶Àß»«Â¡]1999¡^¡C¡qµêÀÀ¾\Å¥¤H?±q¦^õXÆ[ÂI¤ÀªR¥xÆW¦a°Ï¦¬µø/¦¬Å¥½Õ¬dªº²{ªp¡X¥H¼í§Q¡B¬õ¤ì¡B¥§º¸´Ë¦æ¾P¬ã¨sÅU°ÝªÑ¥÷¦³­­¤½¥q¥xÆW¤½¥q¬°¨Ò¡r¡A¡m¼s¼½»P¹qµø¡n¡A²Ä¤Q¥|´Á¡A­¶25-61¡C

¹p­Å¡]1991¡^¡C¡q½Ö´x´¤´»°²ªº·n±±¾¹¡r¡A¡m°Ê¸£¡n¡A²Ä¤G0¤­´Á¡A­¶27-30¡C

¹p­Å¡]2001¡^¡C¡m±a¼C¦¿´ò¡X¤Ó¥­¬vÁpºôCEO¹p­Åªº¥Í²P¸ô¡n¡C¥x¥_¡G¤Ñ¤U¤å¤Æ¡C

¼B¥®²|¡]1994¡^¡C¡m¦n¸`¥Øªº»{©w¤Î¹qµø®É¬qªº¤À°t¬ã¨s³ø§i¡n¡C¥x¥_¡G¹qµø¤å¤Æ¬ã¨s·|¡C

¼B¥®²|¡]1994¡^¡C¡m¦³½u¹qµø¸gÀçºÞ²z»PÀW¹D³W¹ºµ¦²¤¡n¡C¥x¥_¡G¥¿¤¤¡C

¼B¥®²|¡]1997¡^¡C¡m¦hÀW¹D¹qµø»PÆ[²³¡G¤E¢¯¦~¥Nªº¹qµø´CÅé»P¾\Å¥¤H¦¬µø¦æ¬°¡n¡C

¥x¥_¡G®É­^¡C

¼B¬üµX¡]1998¡^¡C¡q¼s§i´CÅé¬ã¨s --- °ÝÃD»P®i±æ¡r¡A¡m¼s§i¾Ç¬ã¨s¡n¡A²Ä¤Q´Á¡A­¶ 143-158¡C

¼s§iÂø»x¡]1999¡^¡C¡m¦¬µø²{§Î°O¡n¡A²Ä101´Á¡A­¶49-62¡C

½²©À¤¤¡]1997¡^¡C¡m¼s¼½¹qµø´CÅé¾P°â¡X²z½×»P¹ê°È¡n¡C¥x¥_¡G¨È¤Ó¡C

¾G¯u¡]1986¡^¡C¡m¥xÆW°Ï¦UºØ¦¬µø²v½Õ¬d¤èªk¤§¤ñ¸û¬ã¨s¡n¡A¥x¥_¡G°ê¥ß¬Fªv¤j¾Ç·s»D¬ã¨s©ÒºÓ¤h½×¤å¡C

Áé°_´f¡]1996¡^¡C¡q¦hÀW¹DÀô¹ÒÆ[²³ÀW¹D¦¬µø»P¸`¥ØÃþ«¬°¾¦n¤§¬ã¨s¡r¡A²Ä¤T©¡¼s¹q¾Ç³N»P¹ê°È¬ã°Q·|¡C

Áé°_´f¡]1997¡^¡C¡q¦hÀW¹D»PÆ[²³¸`¥ØÃþ«¬°¾¦n¡r¡A¦¬¿ý¦b´^ªå¡BÁé°_´f½sµÛ¡m¦³½u¹qµø»PÆ[²³¡n¡A­¶ 21-54¡A¥x¥_¡G¼s¹q°òª÷¡C

Ãö©|¤¯¡]1992¡^¡C¡q¸`¥Øµ¦²¤¬ã¨sªì±´¡r¡A¡m¼s¼½»P¹qµø¡n¡A²Ä¤@´Á¡A­¶15-33¡C

ĬôÁ¡]1986¡^¡C¡m¶Ç¼½¬ã¨s½Õ¬d¤èªk¡n¡A¥x¥_¡G¤T¥Á¡C

­^¤å³¡¤À

Eastman, S. T. and Ferguson, D. A. (1997). Broadcast/Cable Programming: Strategies and Practices (5th Ed.). Belmont (CA): Wadsworth Publishing Company.

Hall, Robert W. (1991). Media math : basic techniques of media evaluation. USA : NTC Business Books.

Litman, B.R. (1979). The Television Networks, Competition and Program Diversity, in Journal of Broadcasting, 23(4):393-409.

McDonald, D. and R. Schecter (1988). Audience Role in the Evolution of Fictional Television Content, in Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 32(1):61-71.

Picard, Robert G.(1989).Media Economics. 1ST. ed., Newbury Park CA: Sage.

Stavitsky, A. G. (1998). Counting the House in Public Television: A History of Ratings Use, 1953-1980, in Journal of Broadcasting & Electronic Media, 42(4):520-534.

Webster, J. G. and J. Wakshlag (1983). A Theory of Television Program Choice, in Communication Research, 10(4):430- 446.

Webster, J. G. (1989).Television Audience Behavior:Patterns of Exposure in the New Media Environment, in J.L Salvaggio and J Bryant (eds), Media Use in the Information Age: Emerging Patterns of Adoption and Consumer Use, pp.197-216. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates.

Webster, J.G., & Lichty, L. W.(1991).Rating Analysis: Theory and Practice. Hillsdale, New Jersey: Lawrence Erlbaum Associate.

 

An Unfair War : Rethinking the Role of TV Ratings and how TV Stations Utilize It

Pei-Di Wang

ABSTRACT

With the transformation of the television industrial structure, multi-channel media are then formed. This transformation affects people¡¦s TV watching habits and the situation of the stratified-audience was shaped. The formation of multi-channel has not only changed the watching behavior of the audience, but also changed the content of the programs. Ratings is a salient factor.

The discussion on the ratings focuses mostly on the research method. The article will analyze from three different perspectives¡G What is ratings? What does the ratings represent? Is there any value of ratings?

 

Keywords¡G TV Ratings ¡BReliability¡BValidity¡BTV Stations¡BTV Programs

 



µù1 Herfindahl(1950)¥H¤µ¥«³õ¦û¦³²vªº¥­¤è©M(Sum of Squares)«¬¦¡¥X²{¡A¤]´N¬O»¡²£·~¤º¦U¼t°Ó¥H¦Û¤vªº¥«³õ¥e¦³²v¬°Åv¼Æ¡A¦ÓHirschman(1945)«h¬O¥H¥«³õ¦û¦³²vªº¥­¤è®Ú©M(Sum of Square Roots)ªº«¬¦¡¥X²{¡C¬G¡A¦³Herfindahl-Hirschman Indexªº¦WºÙ

µù2 §P©w¤@²£·~¤§¤¤¶°¤¤«×°ª§C¼Æ¾Ú¦p¤Uªí©Ò¥Ü¡G

¡@

Concentration Ratio 4 (CR4)

Concentration Ratio 8 (CR8)

H«ü¼Æ (HHI)

°ª«×¶°¤¤

CR4>50%

CR8>75%

HHI>1800

¤¤«×¶°¤¤

33%<CR4<50%

50%<CR8<75%

1000<HHI<1800

§C«×¶°¤¤

CR4<33%

CR8<50%

HHI<1000

 

* ¦û¦³²v¶W¹L1%±o¦C¦p¦¹ªí¡F¤ÀªR½d³ò¡G2003¦~1¤ë1¤é¦Ü2003¦~12¤ë31¤é¥þ¥x¹qµø¥x(¥]§tµL½u¹qµø¥x)

¦^­º­¶