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Style Definitions */ table.MsoNormalTable {mso-style-name:\8868\683C\5167\6587; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-noshow:yes; mso-style-unhide:no; mso-style-parent:""; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:widow-orphan; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";} table.MsoTableSimple3 {mso-style-name:"\8868\683C \7C21\55AE 3"; mso-tstyle-rowband-size:0; mso-tstyle-colband-size:0; mso-style-unhide:no; border:solid black 1.5pt; mso-padding-alt:0cm 5.4pt 0cm 5.4pt; mso-para-margin:0cm; mso-para-margin-bottom:.0001pt; mso-pagination:none; font-size:10.0pt; font-family:"Times New Roman","serif";} table.MsoTableSimple3FirstRow {mso-style-name:"\8868\683C \7C21\55AE 3"; mso-table-condition:first-row; mso-style-unhide:no; mso-tstyle-shading:white; mso-tstyle-pattern:solid black; mso-tstyle-diagonal-down:none; mso-tstyle-diagonal-up:none; color:white; mso-ansi-font-weight:bold; mso-bidi-font-weight:bold;} </style> <![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapedefaults v:ext=3D"edit" spidmax=3D"3074" fillcolor=3D"white"> <v:fill color=3D"white"/> <o:colormru v:ext=3D"edit" colors=3D"#9fc"/> </o:shapedefaults></xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <o:shapelayout v:ext=3D"edit"> <o:idmap v:ext=3D"edit" data=3D"1"/> </o:shapelayout></xml><![endif]--> </head> <body lang=3DZH-TW style=3D'tab-interval:24.0pt;text-justify-trim:punctuati= on'> <div class=3DWordSection1 style=3D'layout-grid:18.0pt'> <p class=3DMsoNormal align=3Dcenter style=3D'text-align:center;line-height:= 22.0pt; mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";color:black= '>批判性比較文獻探討&= #65306;由兩種演化<span class=3DGramE>論－費雪</span>理論ഀ= 7;好基因理論，討論女&= #24615;身體包裝的變遷與= 981;變<span lang=3DEN-US>~</span>由孔雀的大尾॥= 2;談起。<span lang=3DEN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal align=3Dcenter style=3D'text-align:center;line-height:= 22.0pt; mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span style=3D'font-family:DFKai-SB;mso-font-= kerning: 0pt;mso-bidi-font-weight:bold'>國立<span class=3DGramE>臺= </span>北教育大學多元文= 270;教育研究所 </span><span style=3D'font-family:DFKai-SB'>楊明英<span lang=3DEN-US> /</span>李惠閔<span lang=3DEN-US>/ </span>&= #38515;弘孟</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-family:DFKai-SB;mso-font-kerning:0pt;mso-bidi-fo= nt-weight: bold'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal align=3Dright style=3D'text-align:right;line-height:22= .0pt; mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'>mone= r666@yahoo.com.tw<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal align=3Dcenter style=3D'text-align:center;line-height:= 22.0pt; mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i style=3D'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;font-f= amily: "新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New= Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>第一౉= 6;、前</span></i></b><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i style=3D'mso-bidi-font-style:norma= l'><span style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;color:black'> </span></i></b><b style=3D'mso-bidi= -font-weight: normal'><i style=3D'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span style=3D'font-size:14= .0pt; font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-famil= y: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>#= 328;</span></i></b><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><i style=3D'mso-bidi-font-style:norma= l'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;color:black'><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span></span></i></b><i style=3D'mso-bid= i-font-style: normal'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;color:black'><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>        =             &nb= sp;    </span><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>    </span></span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></i></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style=3D'font-family:"新&= #32048;明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Ro= man"; color:black'>孔雀的大尾巴－</span= ><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>    </span></span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-f= ont-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>= 275;津大學博士、動物學= ;家與《自私的基因》</= span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'>(The Selfish Gene)</span><span style=3D'= font-family: "新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New= Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>的作್= 3;道金斯</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'>(<span class=3DSpellE>Ruchard</span> Daw= kins)</span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-f= ont-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>= 366;解釋一段達爾文的演= ;化論觀點：雌孔雀遵&#= 24490;一條簡單的規則：Š= 64;察全部的雄孔雀，然= 後追隨尾巴最長的那= 9968;隻。因為雌孔雀要਷= 9;無法生出長尾巴的兒&= #23376;，<span class=3DGramE>牠</span>的兒子就很<span class=3DGramE>難對雌孔雀</span>有࡬= 0;引力；就好像女裝設&= #35336;，或是美國的汽車#= 373;計，都要追逐長尾巴= ;似的流行熱潮，才能&#= 32047;積自己的氣勢。</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'>(Adam <span class=3DSpellE>M.Breandenbur= ger</span></span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-f= ont-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'> = 289;</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'> Barry <span class=3DSpellE>J.Nalebuff</= span> 2004)</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-family:"新細਴= 6;體","serif"; color:black'> </span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明&#= 39636;","serif"; color:black'>。</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><o:p><= /o:p></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>    </span></span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-f= ont-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>$= 948;爾文的理論說明雄孔= ;雀的尾巴是一種流行&#= 30340;時尚，一旦出現，ì= 01;會有許多人追隨。特= 拉維夫大學的動物學= 5945;授<span class=3DGramE>札</span>哈維</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'>(<span class=3DSpellE>Amotz</span> <span class=3DSpel= lE>Zahavi</span>)</span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-f= ont-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>= 366;經解釋長尾巴成為流= ;行時尚的原因：因為<s= pan class=3DGramE>牠</span>們藉此展現࠲= 6;自己的優越力量，長&= #23614;巴的雄孔雀以此方= 335;明確的告訴雌孔雀，= ;<span class=3DGramE>牠</span>是最適合的༓= 6;性。</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'>(<span class=3DSpellE>Adam.Breandenburge= r</span> Barry <span class=3DSpellE>J.Nalebuff</span> 2004)</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";color:black= '> </span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";color:black= '>。<span lang=3DEN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif= "; color:black'><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>    </span></s= pan><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";color:black= '>這是人類以外的動物&= #19990;界經常出現的一種= 222;遍現象，就像大部分= ;的鳥類，都是雄性具&#= 26377;較美麗的外表、較Ƙ= 48;大壯碩的身軀、較豔= 麗的羽毛顏色，他們= 0197;此吸引其他的同類༔= 4;性，達成性交及繁衍&= #19979;一代的目的，雌性= 152;生下的下一代的兒子= ;也比較能具有吸引其&#= 20182;雌性的雄性基因。Ň= 80;這樣的論點似乎也點= 出了雄性競爭的事實= 5292;雄性競爭企圖引起༔= 4;性的注意，結果比較&= #20778;秀的雄性能留下大%= 327;的後裔，其他被比下= ;的雄性沒有後裔的危&#= 38570;性就會大增。當然ʌ= 92;我們也可以說，雄性= 選擇配偶的重點在於= 5976;量，雌性則在於品ท= 4;，所以雄孔雀一旦遇&= #19978;異性，一定展示求= 598;儀式；但雌性只跟一= ;隻雄性交配，通常是&#= 23614;巴最漂亮的那一隻z= 90;長尾巴的演化目的只= 是在吸引雌性；雌性= 1063;演化出受引誘而選ਓ= 9;最佳雄性的能力。<span lang=3DEN-US>(Matt Ridley.2000)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-fami= ly:"新細明體","serif"; color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style=3D'font-family:"新&= #32048;明體","serif"; color:black'>裝飾－<span lang=3DEN-US><o:p></o:p></span><= /span></b></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif= "; color:black'><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>    </span></s= pan><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";color:black= '>為什麼母孔雀覺得長&= #23614;巴很性感？長尾巴= 565;母孔雀有什麼好處？= ;與達爾文同期的華萊&#= 22763;最初認為，所有動Ĥ= 89;的裝飾，包括孔雀的= 長尾巴，除了偽裝作= 9992;<span class=3DGramE>以外，</span>根本沒੍= 7;別的可以解釋，後來&= #20182;認為雄性武器只用= 358;顯示雄性多餘的精力= ;。郝胥黎則認為裝飾&#= 21644;求偶儀式都是為了ö= 56;嚇、嚇退情敵。另外= 有其他主張裝飾有助= 6044;讓雌性分辨和選擇ࡹ= 7;種正確的配偶<span lang=3DEN-US>(Matt Ridley.2000)</span>。就人類Ň= 80;言，人類在擇偶時，= 如果捨去一切現實的= 7161;準，例如財富、健ॸ= 7;、合諧與生育能力和&= #22320;位權力等，剩下的= 487;能只有「美麗性感」= ;的外表一項了。但就&#= 20854;他動物來說，雌性ű= 84;擇美麗外表雄性的原= 因是什麼？是為了「= 7969;行」？還是為了留ߍ= 9;「好基因的後代」？&= #36996;是為了可以生下一= 491;和雄性一樣的「漂亮= ;寶寶」呢？這從人類&#= 30340;角度來看可能就不ô= 71;而知了。但有一點可= 以肯定的是：<span class=3DGramE>以性擇理論</span>來ෝ= 8;，動物的行為或外表&= #19981;僅是為了生存，也= 858;了獲得「最好的」或= ;「最多的」配偶。<span lang=3DEN-US>(Matt Ridley.2000)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-fami= ly:"新細明體","serif"; color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style=3D'font-family:"新&= #32048;明體","serif"; color:black'>「費雪」和「好࣌= 2;因」－<span lang=3DEN-US><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span><o:p></o:p></sp= an></span></b></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif= "; color:black'><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span></span><s= pan lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> <= /span></span><span class=3DGramE><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體"= ,"serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Ro= man"; color:black'>性擇理論</span></span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-f= ont-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>= 340;兩個學派「費雪」</span>= <span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'>(</span><span class=3DGramE><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-f= ont-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>'= 640;品味</span></span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-f= ont-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'> = 289;性感兒子</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'>)</span><span style=3D'font-family:"= 032;細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Ro= man"; color:black'>和「好基因」（ࣲ= 9;見識、健康寶寶），&= #23565;孔雀尾巴的理論各= 377;不同的主張。「費雪= ;」論者堅持雌孔雀選&#= 25799;英俊的雄孔雀，主Š= 01;是希望把英俊遺傳給= 兒子，好讓兒子也能= 6111;得多數雌孔雀的歡ও= 5;。「好基因」論者則&= #35469;為英俊瀟灑是好<span class=3DGramE>基因－抗疾病</span>ӌ= 9;精力、體力－的表現&= #65292;正是雌孔雀希望遺= 659;給兒女的性質。</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif= "; color:black'>(Matt Ridley.2000)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif= "; color:black'><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>    </span></s= pan><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";color:black= '>簡單的說，兩者的主&= #24373;一個是遺傳性感的= 522;因，一個是遺傳健康= ;的基因，而英俊只是&#= 20581;康基因的其中一個z= 90;</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><!--[if gte vml 1]><v:shapetype id=3D"_x0000_t202" coordsize=3D"21600,21600" o:spt=3D"202" path=3D"m,l,216= 00r21600,l21600,xe"> <v:stroke joinstyle=3D"miter"/> <v:path gradientshapeok=3D"t" o:connecttype=3D"rect"/> </v:shapetype><v:shape id=3D"_x0000_s1050" type=3D"#_x0000_t202" style=3D'p= osition:absolute; margin-left:18pt;margin-top:18pt;width:45.15pt;height:90pt;z-index:10' stroked=3D"f"> <v:fill opacity=3D"0"/> <v:textbox style=3D'layout-flow:vertical-ideographic;mso-next-textbox:#_x0= 000_s1050'> <![if RotText]><![if !mso]> <table cellpadding=3D0 cellspacing=3D0 width=3D"100%"> <tr> <td><![endif]> <div> <p class=3DMsoNormal><span style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;font-family:DFKai-= SB'>英俊雄孔雀<span lang=3DEN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <![if !mso]></td> </tr> </table> <![endif]><![endif]></v:textbox> </v:shape><v:shape id=3D"_x0000_s1056" type=3D"#_x0000_t202" style=3D'posit= ion:absolute; margin-left:234pt;margin-top:17.85pt;width:38.4pt;height:90pt;z-index:14' stroked=3D"f"> <v:fill opacity=3D"0"/> <v:textbox style=3D'layout-flow:vertical-ideographic;mso-next-textbox:#_x0= 000_s1056; mso-fit-shape-to-text:t'> <![if RotText]><![if !mso]> <table cellpadding=3D0 cellspacing=3D0 width=3D"100%"> <tr> <td><![endif]> <div> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:12.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:e= xactly'><span style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB'>抗疾病= ;、精力<span lang=3DEN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:12.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:e= xactly'><span style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;font-family:DFKai-SB'>、體力= ;好基因<span lang=3DEN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> </div> <![if !mso]></td> </tr> </table> <![endif]><![endif]></v:textbox> </v:shape><v:shape id=3D"_x0000_s1060" type=3D"#_x0000_t202" style=3D'posit= ion:absolute; margin-left:351pt;margin-top:18pt;width:45.15pt;height:90pt;z-index:15' stroked=3D"f"> <v:fill opacity=3D"0"/> 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fillcolor=3D"#cff"/><![endif]--><![if !vml]><span style=3D'mso= -ignore: vglayout;position:absolute;z-index:-9;margin-left:155px;margin-top:10px; width:110px;height:38px'><img width=3D110 height=3D38 src=3D"file5017.files/image015.gif" v:shapes=3D"_x0000_s1047"></span><![end= if]><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <br style=3D'mso-ignore:vglayout' clear=3DALL> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>      </span></span><sp= an class=3DGramE><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體"= ,"serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Ro= man"; color:black'>﹝</span></span><u><span style=3D'font-family:"新&= #32048;明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Ro= man"; color:black'>費雪理論主張圖ట= 4;</span></u><span class=3DGramE><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體"= ,"serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Ro= man"; color:black'>﹞</span></span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'= ><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>        =        </span></span><span class=3DGramE><span style=3D'font-family:"新ŀ= 48;明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Ro= man"; color:black'>﹝</span></span><u><span style=3D'font-family:"新&= #32048;明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Ro= man"; color:black'>好基因理論主張ࢵ= 4;示</span></u><span class=3DGramE><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體"= ,"serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Ro= man"; color:black'>﹞</span></span><span style=3D'color:black'> <span lang= =3DEN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>    </span></span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-f= ont-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>$= 027;雪論者的見解主要來= ;自於費雪對於流行時&#= 23578;的看法，同時也同ø= 47;達爾文的看法：雌性= <span class=3DGramE>對於俗</span>麗的偏঵= 9;是沒有目標的偶發情&= #24418;。雌性根據雄性的!= 775;麗程度、尾羽長短、= ;歌聲嘹亮等標準擇偶&#= 65292;因為整個種族習性å= 14;此，沒有個體敢違反= 。好基因論者認為雌= 4615;的擇偶標準隨意又঵= 8;蠢，但瘋狂得有制度&= #12290;尾巴和歌聲把雄性= 522;因的優秀程度<span class=3DGramE>清楚的</span>顯示於༔= 4;性面前；嘹喨的歌聲&= #21644;美麗的尾巴顯示他!= 021;夠生育健康優秀的子= ;代。所以，飾物和尾&#= 24052;是用來洩露基因的Ï= 78;秀本質。</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif= "; color:black'>(Matt Ridley.2000)</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:bla= ck'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:bla= ck'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style=3D'font-family:"新&= #32048;明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Ro= man"; color:black'>人與孔雀－</span><span lang=3DEN= -US style=3D'color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif= "; color:black'><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>    </span>Matt Ridley</span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體",= "serif"; color:black'>在<span lang=3DEN-US>The Red </span></span><span lang=3D= EN-US style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif"'>Queen</spa= n><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";color:black= '>一書中曾經提到：女&= #24615;擇偶的主要考慮不= 312;時髦或具有抗病力的= ;兒女，而在對象會不&#= 26371;是個好丈夫。男人ā= 99;偶的考慮也一樣世俗= 現實，但可能比女性= 6356;在乎美醜。<span class=3DGramE>性擇對</span>人類的ਠ= 8;應顯著不同，人性普&= #36941;喜歡美麗、香水味$= 947;、珠寶、眼影、染髮= ;劑，及高跟鞋。可見&#= 20154;類對於性的誘惑力Ç= 68;樣願意誇張和欺騙，= 與孔雀只是五十步和= 9968;百步之差別而已。߭= 4;明顯不一樣的地方是&= #65292;男人喜愛美女的程= 230;遠高過於女人喜歡俊= ;男的程度。<span lang=3DEN-US>(</span><span class=3DGramE>亞倫<span lang=3DEN-US= >.</span></span>米勒<span lang=3DEN-US>Alan J. Miler </span>金澤 智<span lang=3DEN-= US>Satoshi <span class=3DSpellE>kanazawa</span>)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:bla= ck'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style=3D'font-family:"新&= #32048;明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Ro= man"; color:black'>女性身體的包裝ᦁ= 3;</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>    </span></span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-f= ont-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>= 154;類不同於其他物種的= ;其中一個原因就是：&#= 22899;性的愛美程度。人Ɔ= 06;是具有思考和改造能= 力的動物，雖然根據= 6027;雪理論或好基因理෢= 2;的觀點，美女有可能&= #20358;自於上一代的性感= 522;因或好基因的遺傳，= ;但人類不同於其他動&#= 29289;，雖外表不具吸引Ó= 47;的女性，同樣也可以= 利用其他的手段來改= 6896;自己，讓自己看起߳= 8;像一位「美女」，所&= #20197;現實社會中存在的= 899;性，不論何種美醜程= ;度的人都有，目前並&#= 27794;有統計資料或調查Ţ= 98;明到底世界上是美女= 多，還是姿色平平的= 2810;。</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>    </span></span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-f= ont-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>= 312;歷史潮流中，塑造現= ;今女性身體文化的標&#= 28310;模型，「豐胸」、{= 00;<span class=3DGramE>圓臀」</span>、「彎ੋ= 4;線」是身體的標準規&= #26684;，這樣的身體觀大!= 268;是以金髮碧眼的外國= ;模特兒為標準，從大&#= 32004;十四世紀開始，</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'>S</span><span style=3D'font-family:"= 032;細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Ro= man"; color:black'>型的<span class=3DGramE>女體便&#= 24930;慢</span>地在西方社會ᦁ= 2;成為婦女的完美形象&= #65292;這樣的女性美無遠= 343;屆地傳到了世界各地= ;，一些女性對身材雕&#= 22609;產品瘋狂購買，無ţ= 42;心態如何，其實這不= 就代表著一個時代的= 3529;美觀－「一種身材ཻ= 6;態美的流行」，然而&= #65292;眾所皆知的「美」= 312;不同的社會文化脈絡= ;下，有其殊異的審美&#= 35264;；即使同一社會文Ô= 70;，在不同的歷史階段= 也可能呈現不同的審= 2654;標準。</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:bla= ck'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style=3D'font-family:"新&= #32048;明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Ro= man"; color:black'>女性為什麼要刻঴= 7;的裝飾自己？</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>    </span></span><b style=3D'mso= -bidi-font-weight: normal'><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","seri= f"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Ro= man"; color:black'>法國</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black= '>--</span></b><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-f= ont-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>= 793;有兩百多年的時尚傳= ;統的法國，女性對「&#= 27969;行」擁有高度敏銳Ø= 44;自信，《美麗佳人》= 雜誌國際編輯部時尚= 6280;美容總編輯</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'>Marion <span class=3DSpellE>Dufour</span= >-Lahore </span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-f= ont-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>= 418;容「打扮是一種遊戲= ;」，運用創意混合不&#= 21516;價位、設計的衣著ʌ= 92;讓旁人稱讚自己好看= 才是高手，「不夠自= 0449;才需要靠牌子炫耀ӎ= 1;。（朱芷君</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'>2005</span><span style=3D'font-family:"&= #26032;細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Ro= man"; color:black'>）</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><o:p><= /o:p></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>    </span></span><b style=3D'mso= -bidi-font-weight: normal'><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","seri= f"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Ro= man"; color:black'>中國</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black= '>--</span></b><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-f= ont-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>= 968;九八四年，中國拍攝= ;了一部引領潮流的電&#= 24433;《街上流行紅裙子z= 99;，不但將“美”注射&#= 21040;了每一個女性的心<span class=3DGramE>裏</span>，更解放了ߌ= 8;代人的思想。這部電&= #24433;的放映，讓“紅裙é= 76;”成為當時大街小巷&= #24180;輕女性的青睞品，= 356;多的人開始追求美好= ;的事物、審視自我、&#= 36861;求自我。</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>    </span></span><b style=3D'mso= -bidi-font-weight: normal'><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","seri= f"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Ro= man"; color:black'>印度</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black= '>--</span></b><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-f= ont-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'> = 300;<span class=3DGramE>一</span>白遮三醜」௚= 0;傳統審美觀不僅被女&= #24615;奉為圭臬，連膚色$= 611;深的印度女性也非常= ;注重美白保養，美白&#= 29986;品近年來在印度相Ĭ= 70;暢銷。尼<span class=3DGramE>赫</span>魯大學的榮ෲ= 9;教授歐曼表示，印度&= #20154;傳統上將膚色與階 = 026;聯想在一起。歐曼還= ;認為，美白之所以盛&#= 34892;，其實也跟數百年Ë= 58;白種人國家強盛以及= 膚色白代表優越和智= 4935;有很大的關係。</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'>(</span><span style=3D'font-family:"= 032;細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Ro= man"; color:black'>呂佩憶</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'col= or:black'>2009)<o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style=3D'font-family:"新&= #32048;明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Ro= man"; color:black'>非洲－</span></b><span style=3D'font-family:= "新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Ro= man"; color:black'>在非洲某些原始๽= 6;落的審美觀令人好奇&= #65292;一些原始土著在身= 978;<span class=3DGramE>刺</span>疤痕，自認୅= 8;「美得冒泡」；在女&= #20154;<span class=3DGramE>嘴裡撐</span>「盤子ӎ= 1;，是為了突顯身份「&= #23562;貴」。而這些行為!= 289;止在現在文明世界人= ;的眼中，卻覺得是一&#= 31278;「虐待」。同樣為É= 54;類，何以「審美觀」= 卻有極大差異？到底= 4590;樣才算「美」呢？ৎ= 5;想用一個簡單的概念&= #65306;即所謂「美或不美 = 301;，在於個人「<span class=3DGramE>主觀」</span>的意識ࡴ= 4;「相對」的觀念，甚&= #33267;因「時空」的變化 = 780;有所不同。</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'> <o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> &= nbsp; </span><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-f= ont-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>= 312;泰國東北部地區有一= ;片遙遠的鄉村，那兒&#= 20303;著一些“與眾不同”= ;的婦女和女孩子，她&#= 20497;被人稱作“長頸鹿ࣱ= 9;人”，因為當地許多&#= 23142;女和年輕女孩的脖é= 76;上都緊緊地套著一道= <span class=3DGramE>道</span>沉重的銅項ࢴ= 0;。這些疊在一起的銅&= #38917;圈將這些女孩的脖= 376;“越拉越長”，當地&= #22899;人以“長脖子”為ು= 4;，遠遠看上去，女孩&= #20497;的腦袋就像是金色= 751;子上一個“圓點”，&= #35201;多古怪有多古怪，= 565;他們來說，這<span class=3DGramE>不</span>也是一種流ඡ= 2;嗎？</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> &= nbsp; </span><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-f= ont-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>$= 889;些包裝在女性身上的= ;裝飾，是否符合費雪&#= 29702;論</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'>(</span><span class=3DGramE><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-f= ont-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>'= 640;品味</span></span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-f= ont-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'> = 289;性感兒子理論</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'>)</span><span style=3D'font-family:"= 032;細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Ro= man"; color:black'>呢？還是好基因ச= 2;論呢？從上面的例子&= #21487;以推斷出幾個結論A= 292;那就是：女人追求美= ;麗可以讓自己更具吸&#= 24341;力、更適合生存、û= 10;更符合利益；追求我= 們認為怪異的審美觀= 5110;「不迷人」，是為ߚ= 2;讓自己看起來更具保&= #35703;力、更能延續自己= 340;生命及保護下一代的= ;生存。那麼，這就符&#= 21512;費雪理論與好基因ĩ= 02;論的主張了，也就是= 說女性追求流行或追= 7714;好基因的遺傳一直਷= 9;不變的道理。</span><span style=3D'color:black'> <span lang=3DEN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size= :14.0pt; color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;font-= family: "新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New= Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>第二౉= 6;、</span></b><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;color= :black'> </span></b><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style=3D'font-siz= e:14.0pt; font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-famil= y: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>= 478;達爾文的天擇與<span class=3DGramE>性擇看</span>演化</span></b><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size= :14.0pt; color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:bla= ck'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style=3D'font-family:"新&= #32048;明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Ro= man"; color:black'>天擇說</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'col= or:black'>~</span></b><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style=3D'font-family:"新&= #32048;明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Ro= man"; color:black'>長頸鹿的頸子為ߠ= 0;麼那麼長？</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>    </span></span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-f= ont-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>$= 948;爾文以寥寥數字簡述= ;天<span class=3DGramE>擇</span>：「繁殖、෴= 2;異因而使<span class=3DGramE>最</span>強者生，<span class=3D= GramE>最</span>弱者亡。」現ࢷ= 2;大家普遍用「<span class=3DGramE>最</span>適者」來代ੌ= 7;「<span class=3DGramE>最</span>強者」，意১= 1;在某特定環境內，生&= #29289;個體的「適宜性」= 351;其基因得以傳至下一= ;代。天擇之所以不斷&#= 22320;更新物種的設計，İ= 46;標便是提升「適宜性= 」到最大的程度，適= 3452;性造就了今日的你ৎ= 5;。</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>    </span></span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-f= ont-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>= 197;長頸鹿為例，達爾文= ;談到：「那些能夠搜&#= 23563;最高枝頭或是能在Ƈ= 38;荒時期比別人高出一= 、二吋的幼年長頸鹿= 5292;存活下來的機會比ํ= 1;大；因為<span class=3DGramE>牠</span>們會<span class=3DGramE>在&#= 26866;境四處</span>徘徊，尋৙= 4;食物。這些由於生長&= #33287;變異的法則，所導!= 268;的身體某個部份的長= ;度的細微差距非常重&#= 35201;，因為那些在身體į= 40;某個部份或某幾個部= 份比一般來的修長，= 6890;常比較可能存活下߳= 8;。它們會交配產下後&= #20195;，那些後代或者是$= 986;傳了同樣的身體特徵= ;，或者是具有以同樣&#= 26041;式進行變異的傾向ʍ= 07;而那些在同樣的身體= 部位較為吃虧的個體= 5292;最有可能遭到淘汰௚= 0;命運。」</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>    </span></span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-f= ont-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>&= 263;頸鹿的頸子說明了天= ;<span class=3DGramE>擇說的重要</span>內૸= 5;：如果<span class=3DGramE>一</span>物種內的個ཻ= 6;的遺傳素質有差異，&= #32780;某些素質又較其他 = 032;質更有利於生存或<span class=3DGramE>繁植</span>，那麼在ෘ= 2;族群中，這種素質顯&= #28982;會分佈得更廣泛， = 080;果顯然是該物種的遺= ;傳素質之總和體改變&#= 20102;。</span><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:bla= ck'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:bla= ck'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><span class=3DGramE><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style=3D'font-= family: "新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New= Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>性擇ෝ= 8;</span></b></span><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:bla= ck'>~</span></b><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style=3D'font-family:"新&= #32048;明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Ro= man"; color:black'>公孔雀的美麗尾॥= 2;究竟有什麼好處？</span><s= pan lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>    </span></span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-f= ont-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>$= 948;爾文<span class=3DGramE>曾說過</span>：「只ව= 1;一看到公孔雀的尾巴&= #65292;我就覺得反胃！」= 312;達爾文主義者所擁護= ;的<span class=3DGramE>天擇獨大</span>的演ࡏ= 0;舞台上，那擁有華麗&= #12289;誇大的尾巴的雄孔&= 592;彷彿是來鬧場的。這= ;炫耀、怪異的尾巴，&#= 19981;具任何實際用途，ű= 96;可能傷及<span class=3DGramE>牠</span>那負擔過重௚= 0;主人。可是動物世界&= #20013;，尤其是鳥類，充= 021;著孔雀尾巴這樣的構= ;造：雌性動物的「衣&#= 33879;」總是經濟又合理ʍ= 07;然而雄性動物卻明目= 張膽地違抗天<span class=3DGramE>擇</span>，長出<span class=3DGramE>&#= 28843;</span>麗色彩、巴洛克ঁ= 5;的裝飾或是表演歌舞&= #31561;，這些特性對生物'= 636;的生存競爭較可能有= ;所阻礙而無助益。</span><sp= an lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>    </span></span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-f= ont-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>$= 889;種現象為達爾文的天= ;擇說帶來無法解釋的&#= 22256;擾，達爾文因而提Ñ= 86;了<span class=3DGramE>性擇說</span>做為替ߣ= 5;解決之道。他相信，&= #38596;性之所以裝飾自己A= 292;完全是由於雌性喜歡= ;和裝扮最體面的雄性&#= 20132;配；<span class=3DGramE>是雌孔雀</span>的「ࡹ= 7;味」造成的。亦即「&= #38604;性的選擇壓力造就= 102;雄性裝飾品」。孔雀= ;尾巴的特徵顯然能為&#= 38596;性動物帶來交配利İ= 10;，而且最終也比較可= 能導致更成功的繁殖= 9575;。經過漫長的演化ਹ= 8;光，雄性逐步發展出&= #29978;至更誇張的炫耀方= 335;。費雪爵士亦提到，= ;雄性的羽毛變化和雌&#= 24615;的性別偏好兩者齊ƅ= 57;並進，如果沒有遭遇= 重大的阻力，進展的= 6895;度將越來越快。<span class=3DGramE>性擇概念</span>直指ӎ= 0;生命的意義」</span><span class=3DGramE><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體"= ,"serif"; color:black'>──</span></span><span style=3D'font-family:"ਫ= 2;細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Ro= man"; color:black'>生殖，許多動物௚= 0;雄性為了<span class=3DGramE>一</span>親芳澤，<span class=3D= GramE>留下子裔</span>，連生ࡲ= 9;都可以不顧，別說拖&= #33879;一簇華麗的尾巴了 = 290;</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>    </span></span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-f= ont-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>= 512;納天擇<span class=3DGramE>說與性擇說</span>，๮= 8;爾文談到：「因一般&= #36984;擇或<span class=3DGramE>天擇所造成</span>的ಈ= 0;構，在大部分情況下&= #65292;只要生命狀況維持= 981;變，（生物體上）針= ;對某些特殊用途的有&#= 21033;修改也將很有限。Ê= 94;是，論到某個雄性為= 了要壓過另<span class=3DGramE>個</span>雄性所產生௚= 0;適應性結構，不論是&= #29992;來打鬥或吸引雌性A= 292;有利的修改永遠都沒= ;有止境；因此，只要&#= 26159;適當的變異一出現ʌ= 92;<span class=3DGramE>性擇作用</span>就會ದ= 0;續。」<span class=3DGramE>可見性擇和天</span>ਓ= 9;二者呈現加乘效果，<= span class=3DGramE>性擇是</span>使生殖ଛ= 6;化得更成功的一個方&= #27861;，因為雌性常會選= 799;對子代生存有益的優= ;越雄性特質呢！</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:bla= ck'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style=3D'font-family:"新&= #32048;明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Ro= man"; color:black'>「人」也是動物ᦁ= 3;</span><span style=3D'color:black'> <span lang=3DEN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:24.1pt;line-height:22.0pt;mso-lin= e-height-rule: exactly'><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","ser= if"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Ro= man"; color:black'>雌孔雀的「品味ӎ= 1;，造成公孔雀演化出&= #33775;麗大尾巴，同樣是= 205;物的人類，<span class=3DGramE>其性擇是</span>以什࿟= 6;面貌呈現？。「<span class=3DGramE>性擇</span>」就像天<span class=3DGramE>擇</span>，表現得像਷= 9;帶有目標的「設計」&= #12290;<span class=3DGramE>就像雄孔雀</span>是ӎ= 0;設計」來誘拐雌孔雀&= #30340;，而<span class=3DGramE>雄鹿是</span>「設計ӎ= 1;來和情敵爭鬥，人類&= #30340;心理也「設計」得= 527;可讓生存遭受威脅，= ;也要爭取品質更好的&#= 37197;偶。</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:24.1pt;line-height:22.0pt;mso-lin= e-height-rule: exactly'><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","ser= if"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Ro= man"; color:black'>為什麼女人愛美ᦀ= 8;裝飾）？因為男人天&= #29983;就是有愛美女的偏= 909;。所謂美女，通常是= ;指年輕、健康，相較&#= 26044;年齡較大的女性，å= 05;們擁有更好的生育能= 力和更長的生育期。= 2654;女和女性生殖潛能௚= 0;密切關係，正是男性&= #33287;女性性別選擇的結= 524;。</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:24.1pt;line-height:22.0pt;mso-lin= e-height-rule: exactly'><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","ser= if"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Ro= man"; color:black'>演化學者認為，ஸ= 7;女的擇偶關係，基本&= #19978;男人還是勾引者， = 780;女人都是被勾引的對= ;象；男人把握機會，&#= 22899;人賣弄風情。男女į= 40;擇偶的標準亦不同，= 桑布爾說：「男人要= 0340;是漂亮的女人，而ࣱ= 9;人選擇的是有財有勢&= #30340;男人」，好萊塢的= 566;演們都知道，性格男= ;星搭配美女是票房保&#= 35657;的重要因素。</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:24.0pt;line-height:22.0pt;mso-lin= e-height-rule: exactly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-family:"新細明&= #39636;","serif"; color:black'>Matt Ridley</span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細= 明體","serif"; color:black'>在著作《紅色皇ࡧ= 8;》中提出</span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-f= ont-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>= 052;斯、艾利斯<span class=3DGramE>及<span style=3D'mso-ascii-font-family:PMingLiU;mso-han= si-font-family: PMingLiU'>昆丁‧</span></span></span><span style=3D'font-f= amily: "新細明體","serif";color:black'>貝爾= 2312;</span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-f= ont-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>= 007;女擇偶標準方面</span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";color:black= '>的觀點：</span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-f= ont-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>= 052;斯的研究顯示，女人= ;重視男人經濟能力的&#= 31243;度超過男性本身。Ŏ= 06;利斯指出：「社會地= 位和經濟成就就是男= 4615;魅力的氣壓計，較ߔ= 3;身體特質有過之而無&= #19981;及。」而社會地位= 340;線索何在？艾利斯認= ;為衣著和飾物構成一&#= 22871;線索：高級西</span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";color:black= '>裝、勞力士手錶、<span lang=3DEN-US>BMW</span>汽車，都具有= 644;海軍<span class=3DGramE>上將袖上的</span>階ಂ= 6;條文一樣的顯示作用&= #65292;透露出男性的背景 = 289;財富、地位。昆丁<span class=3DGramE>‧</span>貝爾（<span lang=3DEN-US>Quen= tin Bell</span>）指出：「流行= 381;飾的歷史就是階級的= ;競爭史。先是中產階&#= 32026;挑戰貴族，接著就ą= 59;普羅階級和中產階級= 的競爭…<span class=3DGramE>…</span>整個過程明顯= ;是個心靈道德的體系&#= 65292;卻依附於特殊的價Í= 40;觀上」。<span lang=3DEN-US>(Matt Ridley1993/2000)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:24.0pt;line-height:22.0pt;mso-lin= e-height-rule: exactly'><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","ser= if"; color:black'>而女性的飾物則ࠇ= 9;重表達婚姻或青春狀&= #24907;，有時也能表達丈= 827;的財富。維多利亞時= ;代<st1:PersonName ProductID=3D"公爵" w:st=3D"on">公爵</st1:PersonName= >夫人的衣飾，炫燿的&#= 26159;丈夫的財富，古代Ų= 96;落社會和現代都市的= 情況一樣。<span lang=3DEN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:24.0pt;line-height:22.0pt;mso-lin= e-height-rule: exactly'><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","ser= if"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Ro= man"; color:black'>衣著和飾物</span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";color:black= '>是一種物色異性的態&= #24230;和方式，男性看女= 615;時，會將焦點放在臉= ;部及上半身，而男性&#= 30340;飾物也把女性的注ø= 47;力從男性的身體特徵= 上轉移，讓女性多看= 0182;成為情人、丈夫或ඣ= 5;食供應者的條件。<span lang=3DEN-US>(Matt Ridley1993/2000)<o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:bla= ck'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:200%'><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-w= eight: normal'><span style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;line-height:200%;font-family:"Ą= 32;細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Ro= man"; color:black'>第三章、費雪和റ= 5;萊士主張的比較</span></b><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size= :14.0pt; line-height:200%;color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span style=3D'font-family= :"新細明體","serif"; color:black'>天擇理論雖然非६= 0;成功的解釋了自然界&= #22823;部份的生物演化軌$= 321;，卻無法處理那些不= ;在預期中的「意外」&#= 34892;為，例如孔雀的大ì= 14;巴，因為那完全違反= 了生物為適應環境所= 5505;取的演化模式，因ઽ= 2;達爾文提出<span class=3DGramE>了性擇作為</span>天ਓ= 9;理論的替代解決之道&= #12290;他相信雄性的華麗#= 037;備純是為了迎合雌性= ;喜好，以取得更多的&#= 20132;配機會，因此華麗Ş= 37;備的產生是由雌性抉= 擇而來。但以華萊士= 8858;首的學者卻認為雌ঝ= 5;抉擇對天擇的影響微&= #20046;其微，因此群起抵= 046;，<span class=3DGramE>所以性擇在</span>達୬= 6;文死後被冷漠了一百&= #22810;年，直到今日才又%= 325;新成為顯學。<span lang=3DEN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-= weight: normal'><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","seri= f"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Ro= man"; color:black'>華萊士</span></b><span style=3D'font-family:= "新細明體","serif"; color:black'>在解釋生物演化็= 6;跡方面，主張天擇為&= #19968;切生物演化的根本= 240;素，所有出現在動物= ;身上的行為或特徵，&#= 37117;是動物為適應環境û= 52;演化出來的，因此都= 可以用天擇的觀點進= 4892;詮釋。華萊士善於ஷ= 2;鳥類來解釋他的觀點&= #65292;例如他認為在正常= 773;況下，雌鳥<span class=3DGramE>比雄鳥更</span>需要߼= 5;護色，因此雌鳥的羽&= #33394;通常樸實暗淡。但= 159;有些例子雌鳥的樣<span class=3DGramE>貌比雄</span>鳥更為റ= 5;麗，或是兩性同時都&= #24456;華麗，這似乎又有= 123;矛盾。對此華萊士亦= ;有很好的解釋，他觀&#= 23519;到當兩性都很亮麗ą= 78;，這種鳥類的巢穴總= 是很隱密；而當雌雄= 9636;色顛倒時，其甚至๩= 9;孵蛋的任務也會顛倒&= #12290;<span lang=3DEN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span style=3D'font-family= :"新細明體","serif"; color:black'>在關於其它動物ཻ= 6;色上的解釋，華萊士&= #20063;有也有相當出色的#= 211;解，但因為他過於執= ;著以天擇詮釋一切，&#= 20197;致於在處理諸如雄ö= 15;動物的亮麗外表及炫= 示行為上，顯得說服= 1147;不足。例如他認為༓= 6;性動物的亮麗外表與&= #29983;理結構強烈正相關A= 292;且會隨結構改變而改= ;變，所以最<span class=3DGramE>炫</span>麗的色彩出ங= 4;在最繁複或改變最大&= #30340;結構上。因此亮麗= 340;外表不過是一種正常= ;的生理現象，非<span class=3DGramE>關乎性擇的</span>影༳= 1;，而且若非天擇壓力&= #30340;控制，動物外表將#= 722;得更加的五彩繽紛。= ;但是這樣的說法並不&#= 31526;合天擇理論中，一Ñ= 99;演化皆為適應而生的= 論點，因而受到強力= 0340;質疑。許多生物學फ= 8;都表示，無法相信廣&= #27867;出現在動物身上細 = 251;、繽紛、對稱且具備= ;各種擬態作用的雄性&#= 22806;表，竟然只是生理Ë= 16;用的副產品，而沒有= 其它的利弊關係。他= 0497;同時也質疑如果體ඤ= 0;的特徵都跟身體的解&= #21078;構造有關，則某些= 083;造相似的物種為何沒= ;有類似的特徵；且即&#= 20415;相似物種<span class=3DGramE>間都有炫</span>麗外ඤ= 0;，但外表的差距為何&= #21448;如此的大，例如鳥'= 006;與蝴蝶。顯然在天擇= ;之外，應仍有其它的&#= 21147;量在左右演化的發ì= 37;。<b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=3DEN-US><o:p></o:p></span>= </b></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-= weight: normal'><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","seri= f"; color:black'>費雪</span></b><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-fa= mily: "新細明體","serif";color:black'>-</span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";color:black= '>相對於達爾文，費雪<= span class=3DGramE>對於性擇的</span>論๤= 8;較為完整，費雪最大&= #30340;貢獻在於將「好品= 619;」及「好基因」有效= ;結合在一起，並使用&#= 12300;連</span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif"'>鎖<s= pan style=3D'color:black'>失衡係數」來Ƌ= 11;證其可行性。他在<span lang=3DEN-US>1915</span>年發表的著作= 2300;天擇的遺傳理論」ߑ= 3;用適應性來詮釋雌性&= #21697;味。費雪認為偏好= 340;產生是由於「偏好基= ;因」與「裝飾基因」&#= 32879;合作用之產物，例å= 14;當雌鳥對於長尾巴的= 雄<span class=3DGramE>鳥有</span>偏好時，࠺= 3;她選擇的雄鳥必然有&= #33879;超越平均長度的尾= 052;，所以他們的女兒將= ;<span class=3DGramE>遺傳到雌鳥</span>的ӎ= 0;偏好基因」，而有著&= #38263;尾巴的雄鳥；兒子= 063;會<span class=3DGramE>遺傳到雄鳥</span>「ද= 7;飾基因」，而<span class=3DGramE>易受雌鳥</span>的青௯= 8;。由於兩者間相互增&= #24375;的效應大於任何隨= 231;的交配效應，因而他= ;們的後代將有較大機&#= 29575;延續這個效應，並Ç= 88;慢慢地擴展放大，終= 至變成爆炸性成長，= 0452;到天擇規範的極限୅= 8;止。至此原先只因「&= #22909;品味」而產生的改#= 722;，也漸漸的符合「好= ;基因」，因為<span class=3DGramE>雌鳥若不</span>選擇໲= 3;尾巴的雄鳥交配，則&= #22905;的兒子必然會因為= 981;受其它雌性青睞，而= ;喪失繁衍後代的機會&#= 12290;<span lang=3DEN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span style=3D'font-family= :"新細明體","serif"; color:black'>費雪的理論是建ే= 5;在隨機的機率上，並&= #26377;可茲推論的數學推"= 893;模式，說明以偏好為= ;起點<span class=3DGramE>的性擇演化</span>是ࡤ= 7;能的，補強了<span class=3DGramE>達爾文性擇主張</spa= n>的理論層面。稍後更&= #26377;科學家直接以電腦= 169;擬的方式，證明費雪= ;提出的數學模式確實&#= 21487;行。此外在<span lang=3DEN-US>20</span>世紀<span lang=3DEN-US>80</span>年&= #20195;，北歐的科學家嘗#= 430;以燕鷗、沙<span class=3DGramE>鵰</span>及寡婦鳥等ྰ= 5;類為實驗對象，透過&= #20154;工方式加強或減弱<span class=3DGramE>其羽飾</span>特徵，ෆ= 4;察其對於異性吸引力&= #30340;變化，來<span class=3DGramE>驗證性擇存在</span>ഀ= 7;否。結果發現<span class=3DGramE>加強羽飾特徵</span>௚= 0;雄鳥，確實比未加強&= #25110;者<span class=3DGramE>減弱羽飾特徵</span>௚= 0;雄鳥，吸引到更<span class=3DGramE>多的雌鳥</span>，也௥= 2;接證明了達爾文主張&= #30340;正確性。<span lang=3DEN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";color:black= '><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;font-= family: "新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New= Roman"; mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>第四౉= 6;、女性身體包裝的變&= #33287;不變</span></b><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size= :14.0pt; color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0; line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span style=3D'font-family= :"新細明體","serif"; color:black'>好品味及好基因਷= 9;詮釋動物演化特質之&= #20841;大流派，好品味的#= 264;點說明搶眼特質之出= ;現，是基於異性偏好&#= 25152;致，既是偏好則當Í= 59;好有所變化時，演化= 亦隨之而變，因此好= 1697;味所闡釋的特性是ਵ= 1;於變化的；而好基因&= #30340;觀點則強調所有特$= 074;之出現，必有其實質= ;之意義，無關乎個體&#= 20043;喜好，所以同樣的ĥ= 05;質只會強化，而不會= 變化，因此好基因所= 5498;明的現象具備恆常௚= 0;特性。<span lang=3DEN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif= "; color:black'><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span></span><span style=3D'font-f= amily: "新細明體","serif";color:black'>在人= 9006;社會也有和<span class=3DGramE>雄孔雀</span>長著長ह= 4;巴同樣的現象，只不&= #36942;這些現象是發生在<b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'>女性</b>而非&= #30007;性，因此發生在動= 289;身上的雌性抉擇，在= ;人類身上還多了雄性&#= 25225;擇。那麼為何雄性Ƃ= 56;要進行抉擇呢，其答= 案與雌性相同。雌性= 2240;為本身對於生殖付࠲= 6;的成本較高，因此她&= #24517;須小心避免自己的%= 679;誤抉擇，影響了子代= ;的繁衍機會。對於男&#= 24615;而言其實也有類似į= 40;理由，人類社會的成= 年男性也必須付出很= 9640;的代價，擔負起相ி= 0;程度的家庭照顧責任&= #65292;以確保子代的興盛 = 321;衍。因此有能力提供= ;較多資源的男性必然&#= 25104;為女性的優先之選ʍ= 07;反過來說，男人所提= 供的資源其實相對有= 8480;，能供養的女性不ࣩ= 0;，因此，男人也會儘&= #37327;選擇具「優良基因 = 301;的女性，以提高其有= ;限資源的投資報酬率&#= 65292;其選擇的方式即是Ű= 79;過「好品味」與「好= 基因」的方式進行。<sp= an class=3DGramE>所以性擇在</span>人༼= 6;的社會其實夾雜著許&= #22810;社會文化的因素，= 070;女人在選擇男人的同= ;時，男人也在選擇女&#= 20154;。<span lang=3DEN-US> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-fami= ly:"新細明體","serif"; color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></b></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style=3D'font-family:"新&= #32048;明體","serif"; color:black'>流行與女性－<span lang=3DE= N-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:24.0pt;line-height:22.0pt;mso-lin= e-height-rule: exactly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-family:"新細明&= #39636;","serif"; color:black'>Matt Ridley</span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細= 明體","serif"; color:black'>指出：演化學者ࡴ= 4;藝術史家都同意，流&= #34892;和地位有關。女性= 604;男人更在乎時裝的流= ;行。女性所要的地位&#= 32218;索隨著流行而改變ʍ= 07;男人所需的生育線索= （年輕－大胸部、健= 4247;－細腰），卻沒有ਹ= 8;尚流行的問題。<span lang=3DEN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif= "; color:black'><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>    </span></s= pan><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif"'>女&#= 24615;大都不肯尋求比自ð= 49;年輕的對象，卻比男= 性更在意自己的青春= 2290;而追求<span class=3DGramE>流行正</span>可以讓ࣱ= 9;性表現出美麗青春的&= #29376;態，攫取更多異性= 340;目光，進而提高自己= ;的配偶價值。因此女&#= 24615;比男性更專注於流Ŝ= 92;。同時在意服飾的態= 度，也影響了同性。<sp= an lang=3DEN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif= "; color:black'><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>    </span></s= pan><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";color:black= '>大家都知道，男性喜&= #27489;女性穿著緊身暴露= 340;衣服，以展現玲瓏有= ;緻的身體曲線。女性&#= 21033;用寬大的襯裙使腰Ų= 96;、四肢顯得纖細。她= 們還會選擇適合體型= 1644;<span class=3DGramE>髮</span>色的衣服、ࡡ= 0;耀眼的<span class=3DGramE>配飾讓自己</span>更ࠥ= 5;魅力。艾利斯曾重述&= #19979;面的故事：有人問= 968;個站在油畫（巴利斯= ;的審判）前的男孩，&#= 19977;個女神誰最美？他Þ= 38;答：「我不知道，她= 們都沒穿衣服。」可= 5211;，女性身體包裝－૬= 9;行服飾的搭配，在男&= #24615;判別美醜的眼光下A= 292;所扮演了重要的角色= ;。</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>    </span></span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-f= ont-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>= 969;行（</span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";color:black= '>時尚</span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-f= ont-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>A= 289;的定義是什麼？</span><span class=3DSpellE><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-family:"新細= 6126;體","serif"; color:black'>Blumer</span></span><span style=3D'font-family:"新಄= 8;明體","serif"; color:black'>（<span lang=3DEN-US>1969</span>）對於= 時尚的探討，著重於= 2300;集體性」（集體的જ= 9;仿及相關的一致性行&= #28858;）的一面，他認為= 178;尚是一種「集體選擇= ;」（<span lang=3DEN-US>collective selection</span>）的過程= 2290;社會裡的每一個人௚= 2;參與其中，互相影響&= #24444;此對於時尚流行的= 863;覺以及評斷。因此，= ;我們可以理解，為什&#= 40636;日常生活中彼此獨ĺ= 35;的哈日族，能夠感覺= 什麼是日系風格，並= 3565;日系風格做出集體ঝ= 5;的認同與選擇。<span lang=3DEN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif= "; color:black'><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span></span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> </span></span>= <span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";color:black= '>在女性身體包裝方面&= #65292;依據演化心理學，= 899;人的年輕貌美在男人= ;眼中是生育力和繁殖&#= 20729;值的有力線索。因Ē= 92;，男性進化出偏好豐= 潤的嘴唇、光滑的皮= 3178;、亮澤的頭髮和低<span class=3DGramE>腰臀比</span>的女性ᦂ= 7;相對的，女性為增加&= #24050;身的「市場行情」A= 292;也極力塑造自己以符= ;合男性的期待，這正&#= 26159;「女為悅己者容」È= 43;最佳寫照。</span><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-fami= ly:"新細明體","serif"; mso-bidi-font-family:PMingLiU;color:black;mso-font-kerning:0pt'><o:p></o:p>= </span></b></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style=3D'font-family:"新&= #32048;明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Ro= man"; color:black'>流行服飾的變遷ഀ= 7;不變－</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></b></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>    </span></span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-f= ont-family: Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black'>&= #26381;飾的變化，一般表= 694;在式樣的翻新、肥瘦= ;長短比例的變化、衣&#= 35122;鞋帽的協調、色調į= 40;搭配以及裝飾物的選= 擇等方面。但</span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-f= ont-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>= 981;管</span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-f= ont-family: Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black'>&= #26381;飾</span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-f= ont-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>= 914;何變化，最終目的即= ;是藉由</span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";color:black= '>身體包裝這第二層皮&= #33178;，帶來更多的美麗A= 292;展示細腰、胸大的曲= ;線美或掩飾身材的不&#= 23436;美，以符合男性的Í= 59;好。<span lang=3DEN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif= "; color:black'><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>    </span></s= pan><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";color:black= '>西方的時尚概念與表&= #29694;，約可溯至十四世</sp= an><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif"'>紀<s= pan style=3D'color:black'>日增的世故複Ƃ= 20;性，共同催生出注重= 外表裝扮與量身訂製= 0340;服飾觀。到十八世ಀ= 0;，時尚的表現從宮廷&= #33287;菁英階層向市民大= 526;傳播開來，並衍生出= ;「跟上時代」（<span lang=3DEN-US>keeping up with the times </span>）的普ű= 41;性意義。人們企圖透= 過服裝樣式表現自己= 5292;追求社會認同，藉ઽ= 2;提升身分地位。<span lang=3DEN-US><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span><o:p></o:p></sp= an></span></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif= "; color:black'><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>    </span></s= pan><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";color:black= '>工業革命的發展，原&= #26412;昂貴的衣料價格下&= 477;，衣飾成為人們的首= ;要消費品。十九世紀&#= 24460;出現的百貨公司，Ì= 19;使流行服飾</span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif"'>趨<s= pan style=3D'color:black'>向大眾化。中Ç= 78;層階級為了與下層民= 眾有所區隔並展現其= 6001;富與地位，紛紛將ও= 5;思花在不斷更新服裝&= #27171;式，引發服飾風格= 340;快速轉變。</span></span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-f= ont-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>= 540;得注意的是，這種多= ;變的特色，主要展現&#= 22312;女性而非男性服飾Ç= 78;。</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-family:"Arial","sans-serif";color:black'><o:p></= o:p></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>    </span></span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-f= ont-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>= 197;</span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";color:black= '>文藝復興時期的服飾&= #28858;例，其主要設計屬= 615;有頭飾、<span class=3DGramE>袖肩飾</span>、領口ӌ= 9;<span class=3DGramE>束身衣</span>等。以༵= 6;口來說，</span><span style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","s= erif"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Ro= man"; color:black'>伊莉莎白</span><span style=3D'font-fam= ily: "新細明體","serif";color:black'>時期= 7969;行一種「</span><span style=3D'font-size:11.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","s= erif"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Ro= man"; color:black'>伊莉莎白</span><span style=3D'font-fam= ily: "新細明體","serif";color:black'>領」= 5292;這種領子是前面打໴= 3;，後領處高聳成扇形&= #65292;在後面的扇形面上$= 996;有用一些金屬絲裝飾= ;，是一種<span class=3DGramE>自皺領</span>（環狀༵= 6;）延伸設計出來的特&= #27530;領子，是一種服飾#= 373;計上的變化。而<span class=3DGramE>其束身</span>衣就是ව= 1;使腹部收緊，使得上&= #36523;在外觀上形成<span lang=3DEN-US>V</span>字型，突顯腰๽= 6;的細緻，展現玲瓏有&= #32251;的身體曲線。<span lang=3DEN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:24.0pt;line-height:22.0pt;mso-lin= e-height-rule: exactly'><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","ser= if"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Ro= man"; color:black'>整體而言，</span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";color:black= '>文藝復興時期的服飾&= #34249;由精美、多元色彩= 340;布料與項鍊、戒指、= ;頭飾及珠寶等配件的&#= 35373;計搭配，創造出豐ë= 00;的造型變化，風貌繁= 複、華麗與貴氣之餘= 5292;仍不忘強調男性所ࠇ= 9;好之細腰。</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>    </span></span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-f= ont-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'> = 780;以美國服飾為例，從= ;一七九○年代至一八= 0108;○年代初，美國上層= ;社會女性緊追巴黎時&#= 23578;流行的帝國樣式，É= 97;低胸<span class=3DGramE>高腰為其</span>穿著୲= 5;色。女性穿著束腰的&= #25302;地長裙，並用荷葉%= 002;、皺摺、緞帶、蝴蝶= ;結等裝飾，製造華麗&#= 30340;效果。一八四○年ߣ= 5;，染料工業技術的改&= #36914;，使服飾的色澤更= 858;鮮<span class=3DGramE>艷</span>與深濃。一ࠤ= 3;五○年代到一八七○= 4180;代初則<span class=3DGramE>流行裙撐</span></span><span lang=3DEN= -US style=3D'color:black'>(crinoline)</span><span style=3D'font-family:"新= ;細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Ro= man"; color:black'>，女性服飾更趨།= 4;重與繁複，新技術<span class=3DGramE>製出輕的</span>鋼條ߣ= 7;造成中空<span class=3DGramE>式的裙撐</span>，使໲= 3;裙呈現富麗堂皇的<span class=3DGramE>圓塔狀</span>，<span class=3DGramE>&#= 20813;去穿多層</span>襯裙的૚= 5;重感。而從一八七○&#= 24180;代至一八九○年代௚= 0;美國女性服飾，<span class=3DGramE>進入臀墊時代</span>ᦁ= 2;服飾的重點再度下移&= #65292;利用<span class=3DGramE>臀墊使</span>臀部誇অ= 3;地<span class=3DGramE>向後膨高</span>，點ಒ= 0;物有扣子、<span class=3DGramE>穗飾</span>、絲帶與ಗ= 2;織品。在十九、二十&= #19990;紀之交，女性服飾&= 283;始講究線條，尤其流= ;行<span class=3DGramE>從胸線</span>、腰線<span class=3DGramE>到臀線</span>的</span><span lang=3DEN= -US style=3D'color:black'>S</span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細&= #26126;體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Ro= man"; color:black'>形線條，束腰依ഁ= 0;流行，以便完美呈現&= #36889;種時尚曲線。</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>    </span></span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-f= ont-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>= 978;述演變，女性流行的= ;服飾風格及其重要配&#= 20214;</span><span style=3D'color:black'> <span class=3DGramE><span lang=3DEN-US>–</span= ></span><span lang=3DEN-US> </span></span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細= 6126;體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Ro= man"; color:black'>束腰、<span class=3DGramE>裙撐&#= 12289;臀墊</span>、緊身胸衣ӌ= 9;襯裙、高跟鞋等，於&= #19981;同年代都有些變化A= 292;但最終不變的是幫助= ;女性展示玲瓏有緻的&#= 39636;型，或遮掩其身材Ņ= 70;點。</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;font-= family: "新細明體","serif";color:black'>第五= 1456;、結 論<span lang=3DEN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></b></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>    </span></span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-f= ont-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>= 478;天擇<span class=3DGramE>說與性擇說的</span>෗= 8;釋來看，達爾文的<span class=3DGramE>性擇和</span>天擇二್= 3;表現出加乘效果，<span class=3DGramE>天擇使適者生存</spa= n>，<span class=3DGramE>性擇是</span>使生殖ଛ= 6;化得更成功，因為雌&= #24615;常會選擇對子代生= 384;有益的優越雄性特質= ;。所以從女性的角度&#= 20358;看，他會選擇一個ë= 65;他最有利的男性配偶= ，只為了自己的下一= 0195;能遺傳到好基因，߭= 4;在人類學雄性選擇權<= span class=3DGramE>佔</span>較高的比例ߔ= 3;下，女性會選擇表現&= #33258;己最好的一面，來= 686;加自己雀屏中選的機= ;會，這也說明了人類&#= 30340;雌性競爭現象。所É= 97;達爾文的天擇<span class=3DGramE>與性擇理論</span>，<span class=3DGramE>可以說在人類</span>௚= 0;身上表露無疑。</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif= "; color:black'><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>    </span></s= pan><span class=3DGramE><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體"= ,"serif"; color:black'>性擇在</span></span><span style=3D'font-fami= ly: "新細明體","serif";color:black'>人類= 1038;會較不受接納的原ࢰ= 0;是社會對女性的歧視&= #65292;在父權的社會中，= 899;性無擇偶權利，另外= ;是社會學家<span class=3DGramE>的性擇排斥</span>，ේ= 9;為人類若純<span class=3DGramE>為性擇決定</span>，๶= 7;人類失去理性，形同&= #37326;蠻動物。達爾文<span class=3DGramE>的性擇理論</span>向߳= 8;標榜雌性抉擇純是為&= #20102;「美」，但達爾文= 598;爾也認為體面、能歌= ;善舞的雄性最有活力&#= 21644;吸引力，所以雌性Ô= 05;物絕對不會選擇一隻= 病奄奄的雄性配偶，= 9978;至連一點戰鬥力都૛= 4;有的雄性，而「美」&= #20063;代表健康，健康才= 371;展現出好體態、<span class=3DGramE>好毛色</span>，而健ॸ= 7;的身體才能「能歌善&= #33310;」，所以好基因理#= 542;的觀點可以在動物身= ;上得到驗證。但也因&#= 28858;雌性動物通常長的Ĕ= 04;較普通，毛色灰暗，= 所以雄性動物其實也= 8961;從判斷哪一隻雌性ࡈ= 5;物比較優秀，但因為&= #26159;雌性選擇權，所以= 517;然產生雄性之間的競= ;爭。相對於人類，不&#= 31649;男人或女人，都擁ć= 77;一顆聰明的大腦，不= 管男性或女性都想找= 1040;一位理想的伴侶，৓= 2;以儘管在雄性選擇的&= #19990;界，其實也暗藏著&= 604;性選擇及競爭，「不= ;美麗」的女人在年輕&#= 26178;段被男性選擇的機ħ= 75;比較低，但只要運用= 一下裝扮的技巧，再= 1152;上人類社交的手段ᦁ= 2;通常性感的男人也很&= #23481;易到手。簡而言之A= 292;女性對流行的追求不= ;會改變，因為當中存&#= 22312;著雌性的競爭，而Ű= 89;些作為只為了獲取優= 勢男性的青睞，當然= 1478;爭力不夠的男性，ߖ= 3;會被女性所擺脫，所&= #20197;人類的世界其實比= 205;物界複雜多了。 <span lang=3DEN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><b style=3D'mso-bidi-font-weight:normal'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:bla= ck'><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'> </span><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>    </span></span></b><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";color:black= '>在動物界努力「妝扮&= #12301;自己，以增加受異= 615;青睞機會的幾乎全是= ;－雄性，到了人類社&#= 26371;反而是女性在裝扮Ň= 80;非男性。華萊士與費= 雪理論讓我們瞭解華= 0599;外表與炫示行為符ࡧ= 2;「好基因」或「好品&= #21619;」理論，其實也展= 694;了具選擇權的一方對= ;於偏好或健康的訴求&#= 65292;而這些訴求都是為É= 02;增加子代繁衍的機會= 。 <span lang=3DEN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif= "; color:black'><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span></span><s= pan style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-f= ont-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>= 981;管</span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-f= ont-family: Arial;mso-hansi-font-family:Arial;mso-bidi-font-family:Arial;color:black'>&= #26381;飾</span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-f= ont-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>= 914;何變化，最終目的即= ;是藉由</span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";color:black= '>身體的包裝，帶來更&= #22810;的美麗，展示細腰 = 289;胸大的曲線美或掩飾= ;身材的不完美，以符&#= 21512;男性的偏好，艾利Ą= 31;談三個女神誰最美的= 故事，正顯現出女性= 6523;體包裝－流行服飾ᦁ= 2;在以男性判別美醜的&= #30524;光下，扮演了重要= 340;角色。<span lang=3DEN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif= "; color:black'><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>    </span></s= pan><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";color:black= '>這些以男性偏好所產&= #29983;的女性裝扮現象，= 491;<span class=3DGramE>符合性擇理論</span>௚= 0;雄性選擇。但這<span class=3DGramE>不</span>也是女性刻঴= 7;營造出來以增加被選&= #25799;的機會嗎？那是否= 448;回到了「雌性選擇」= ;<span class=3DGramE>權呢</span>？在人類௚= 0;世界總會運用著大自&= #28982;的生存法則與定律A= 292;而且更加以靈活運用= ;，男人追求年輕貌美&#= 30340;女子，女人就會想ů= 74;法來變成符合年輕貌= 美女子的樣子；在此= 1516;時，女人也會選擇ੌ= 8;符合投資報酬率的男&= #20154;，就像母孔雀一樣A= 292;會選擇長尾巴的公孔= ;雀與<span class=3DGramE>牠</span>交配。所以ࣱ= 9;性的身體包裝透露出&= #12300;流行」不變的道理A= 292;也透露出人類對費雪= ;理論「<span class=3DGramE>高品味</span>」與「ࣲ= 9;基因」的追求，這也&= #26159;永遠不變的。<span lang=3DEN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;color:black'><o:p> </o:p></span= ></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><span style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"新細明體","s= erif"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Ro= man"; color:black'>【參考書目】：</span= ><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-size:14.0pt;font-family:"新細明= ;體","serif"; color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-f= ont-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>= 417;芷君</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'>(2005</span><span class=3DGramE><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-f= ont-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>A= 289;</span></span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-f= ont-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>= 861;國女人要的，上帝都= ;說</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'>YES</span><span style=3D'font-family:"&#= 26032;細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Ro= man"; color:black'>。康健雜誌第</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'>77</span><span style=3D'font-family:"= 6032;細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Ro= man"; color:black'>期。台北。</span><span lang=3DEN= -US style=3D'color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-f= ont-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>= 570;佩憶</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'>(2009) </span><span style=3D'font-family= :"新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Ro= man"; color:black'>怕嫁不出去…印度= ;<span class=3DGramE>女性瘋美白</span>。ಎ= 7;濟日報</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'>2009/11/13</span><span style=3D'font-fam= ily:"新細明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Ro= man"; color:black'>。台北。</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";color:black= '>許慧琦<span lang=3DEN-US>(2008 ) </span>超越服飾改革= ;的改革論述－紀爾曼&#= 30340;〈女性的服飾〉及Ð= 54;批判意涵<span lang=3DEN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif= "; color:black'><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>   </span></span><s= pan style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";color:black= '>〈歐美研究〉第三十&= #20843;卷第二期（民國九= 313;七年六月）<span lang=3DEN-US>307</span>－<span lang=3DEN-US>361<o:p></o:p></span></sp= an></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-ch= ar-indent-count: -1.5;line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";color:black= '>Adam <span class=3DSpellE>M.Breandenburger</span></span><span style=3D'font-fami= ly:"新細明體","serif"; color:black'>、<span lang=3DEN-US> Barry <span class=3DSpellE>J.Naleb= uff</span> (2004)</span>。<span lang=3DEN-US>Co-<span class=3DSpellE>opetition</= span></span>。許恩得<span lang=3DEN-US>(</span>譯<span lang=3DEN-US>)</span>。競= 1512;策略。</span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";mso-ascii-f= ont-family: "Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Roman";color:black'>= 488;北：培生教育。</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif= "; color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-ch= ar-indent-count: -1.5;line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";color:black= '>Alan J. Miler</span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體= ","serif"; color:black'>、<span lang=3DEN-US>Satoshi <span class=3DSpellE><span class=3DGramE>kanazawa</span></span><span class=3DGramE>(</span>2007/2008)<= /span>。<i style=3D'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=3DEN-US>WHY BEAUTIFUL PEOPL= E HAVE MORE DAUGHTERS</span></i>。詹雅惠<span lang=3DEN-US= >(</span>譯<span lang=3DEN-US>)</span>。為什麼美女ಟ= 7;是生女兒？。台北：&= #19977;采文化。<span lang=3DEN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-ch= ar-indent-count: -1.5;line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span class=3DSpellE>= <span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif= "; color:black'>Blumer</span></span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-family:"&= #26032;細明體","serif"; color:black'>(1969)</span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細ą= 26;體","serif"; color:black'>。<i style=3D'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=3DE= N-US>Symbolic <span class=3DSpellE>Interactionism</span>: Perspectives and Methods</span>= </i>。<span lang=3DEN-US>Englewood Cliffs, NJ</span>，<span lang=3DEN-US>Prentice= -Hall</span>。<span lang=3DEN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-ch= ar-indent-count: -1.5;line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";color:black= '>David M. <span class=3DGramE>Buss(</span>2007) </span><span style=3D'font-family:= "新細明體","serif"; color:black'>。<i style=3D'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=3DE= N-US>Evolutionary Psychology</span>：<span lang=3DEN-US>The New Science of the Mind</sp= an></i>。熊哲宏、張勇、= 191;倩<span lang=3DEN-US>(</span>譯<span lang=3DEN-US>)</span>。進= 1270;心理學：心理的新మ= 5;學<span lang=3DEN-US>(</span>第二版<span lang=3DEN-US>)</span>= 2290;上海：華東師範大थ= 6;。<span lang=3DEN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-ch= ar-indent-count: -1.5;line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";color:black= '>Helena Cronin(1991/1997)</span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明= ;體","serif"; color:black'>。<i style=3D'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=3DE= N-US>The Ant and the Peacock</span></i>。楊玉齡<span lang=3D= EN-US>(</span>譯<span lang=3DEN-US>)</span>。螞蟻與孔雀Ӎ= 0;台北： 天下文化。<span lang=3DEN-US><o:p></o:p></spa= n></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:18.0pt;text-indent:-18.0pt;mso-ch= ar-indent-count: -1.5;line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";color:black= '>Matt Ridley(1993/2000)</span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明= ;體","serif"; color:black'>。<i style=3D'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=3DE= N-US>The Red Queen</span>：<span lang=3DEN-US>Sex and the Evolution of Human N= ature</span></i>。<span class=3DGramE>范昱</span>峰<span lang=3DEN-US>(</span>= 5695;<span lang=3DEN-US>)</span>。紅色皇后：ঝ= 5;與人性的演化。台北&= #65306;時報文化。<span lang=3DEN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:12.0pt;text-indent:-12.0pt;mso-ch= ar-indent-count: -1.0;line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";color:black= '>Robert Wright(1997)</span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明'= 636;","serif"; color:black'>。<i style=3D'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=3DE= N-US>The Moral Animal Why We Are the Way We Are</span>：<span lang=3DEN-US>The= New Science of <o:p></o:p></span></i></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'margin-left:-6.0pt;mso-para-margin-left:-.5gd; text-indent:24.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:2.0;line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-he= ight-rule: exactly'><i style=3D'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";color:black= '>Evolutionary Psychology</span></i><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明&#= 39636;","serif"; color:black'>。性<span class=3DGramE>‧</span> 演= 1270;<span class=3DGramE>‧</span> 達爾文。林ૻ= 3;貞<span lang=3DEN-US>(</span>譯<span lang=3DEN-US>)</span>。台= 1271;：張老師文化。<span lang=3DEN-US><o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><span class=3DSpellE><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-family:"新細= 6126;體","serif"; color:black'>Tijs</span></span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-family:"= 6032;細明體","serif"; color:black'> <span class=3DSpellE>Goldchmidt</span> (2003)<span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span></span><span style=3D'font-family:= "新細明體","serif"; color:black'>達爾文的夢幻池ࣕ= 6;<span lang=3DEN-US><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span></span>黃= 秀如譯<span lang=3DEN-US><span style=3D'mso-spacerun:yes'>  </span>2003</span>= 180; 時報出版<span lang=3DEN-US> <o:p></o:p></span></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif= "; color:black'>Toby Fischer-<span class=3DSpellE>Mirkin</span>(2003) Dress co= de</span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif";color:black= '>：<span class=3DSpellE><i style=3D'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=3DEN-US>U= nderstandeing</span></i></span><i style=3D'mso-bidi-font-style:normal'><span lang=3DEN-US> the hidden <span class=3DSpellE>meannings</span> of women’s <o:p></o:p></span></i></sp= an></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'text-indent:18.0pt;mso-char-indent-count:1.5; line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exactly'><i style=3D'mso-bidi-font-= style: normal'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-family:"新細明&#= 39636;","serif"; color:black'>clothes</span></i><span style=3D'font-family:"新細= 明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Ro= man"; color:black'>服裝密碼</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'>: </span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細= 明體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Ro= man"; color:black'>女人的秘密</span><span style=3D'color:black'> </span><span style=3D'font-family:"新細&= #26126;體","serif"; mso-ascii-font-family:"Times New Roman";mso-hansi-font-family:"Times New Ro= man"; color:black'>，知書房出版</span><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'color:black'><o:p></o:p></span></p> <p class=3DMsoNormal style=3D'line-height:22.0pt;mso-line-height-rule:exact= ly'><span lang=3DEN-US style=3D'font-family:"新細明體","serif= "; color:black'>Veblen( 1994)</span><span style=3D'font-family:"新಄= 8;明體","serif"; color:black'>。 <span class=3DGramE><i style=3D'mso-bidi-font-style:n= ormal'><span lang=3DEN-US>The Theory of the Leisure Class</span></i><span lang=3DEN-US>.= </span></span><span lang=3DEN-US> London: <span class=3DSpellE>PenguinClassics</span>.<o:p></o:= p></span></span></p> </div> </body> </html> ------=_NextPart_01CCF735.73D5F1B0 Content-Location: file:///C:/92B8CE79/file5017.files/item0001.xml Content-Transfer-Encoding: quoted-printable Content-Type: text/xml <b:Sources 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